{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:03:00Z","timestamp":1790650980368,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Millimeter-wave (mmWave) sensing has emerged as a promising technology for non-contact health monitoring, offering high spatial resolution, material sensitivity, and integration potential with wireless platforms. While prior work has focused on specific applications or signal processing methods, a unified understanding of how mmWave signals map to clinically relevant biomarkers remains lacking. This survey presents a full-stack review of mmWave-based medical sensing systems, encompassing signal acquisition, physical feature extraction, modeling strategies, and potential medical and healthcare uses. We introduce a taxonomy that decouples low-level mmWave signal features\u2014such as motion, material property, and structure\u2014from high-level biomedical biomarkers, including respiration pattern, heart rate, tissue hydration, and gait. We then classify and contrast the modeling approaches\u2014ranging from physics-driven analytical models to machine learning techniques\u2014that enable this mapping. Furthermore, we analyze representative studies across vital signs monitoring, cardiovascular assessment, wound evaluation, and neuro-motor disorders. By bridging wireless sensing and medical interpretation, this work offers a structured reference for designing next-generation mmWave health monitoring systems. We conclude by discussing open challenges, including model interpretability, clinical validation, and multimodal integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25123706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T06:19:28Z","timestamp":1749795568000},"page":"3706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Comprehensive Survey of Research Trends in mmWave Technologies for Medical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8696-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14068, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8127-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuhui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14068, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1491-9493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanda","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14068, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1880-5096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengxiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1395-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenhan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6377-2188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuqin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14068, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6063-4963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linde Inc., Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8064-496X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Bo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14068, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9864-7835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14068, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6444-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14068, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, N., Liu, K., Ge, L., and Zhang, J. 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