{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:38:42Z","timestamp":1791913122203,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) raises significant concerns regarding security and energy efficiency, particularly for low-resource devices. To address these IoT issues, we propose a cross-layer IoT architecture employing machine learning (ML) models and lightweight cryptography. Our proposed solution is based on role-based access control (RBAC), ensuring secure authentication in large-scale IoT deployments while preventing unauthorized access attempts. We integrate layer-specific ML models, such as long short-term memory networks for temporal anomaly detection and decision trees for application-layer validation, along with adaptive speck encryption for the dynamic adjustment of cryptographic overheads. We then introduce a granular RBAC system that incorporates energy-aware policies. The novelty of this work is the proposal of a cross-layer IoT architecture that harmonizes ML-driven security with energy-efficient operations. The performance of the proposed cross-layer system is evaluated by extensive simulations. The results obtained show that the proposed system can reduce false positives up to 32% and enhance system security by preventing unauthorized access up to 95%. We also achieve 30% reduction in power consumption using the proposed lightweight Speck encryption method compared to the traditional advanced encryption standard (AES). By leveraging convolutional neural networks and ML, our approach significantly enhances IoT security and energy efficiency in practical scenarios such as smart cities, homes, and schools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25123720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T09:51:24Z","timestamp":1749808284000},"page":"3720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cross-Layer Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Secure and Energy-Efficient IoT Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2845-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashid","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2770-8319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurul","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2228-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahsa","family":"Mohaghegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0232-2356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahbaz","family":"Pervez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology, Whitecliffe College of Arts and Science, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ovesh","family":"Vohra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology, Whitecliffe College of Arts and Science, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2023.2188101","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence for resilient and sustainable healthcare system: Systematic literature review and future research directions","volume":"63","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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