{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T01:26:04Z","timestamp":1789089964614,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Current Research Fund","award":["2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The accurate and continuous monitoring of these symptoms is essential for optimizing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes. Traditionally, clinical assessments have relied on scales and methods that often lack the ability for continuous, real-time monitoring and can be subject to interpretation bias. Recent advancements in wearable technologies, such as smartphones, smartwatches, and activity trackers (ATs), present a promising alternative for more consistent and objective monitoring. This review aims to evaluate the use of smartphones and smart wrist devices, like smartwatches and activity trackers, in the management of PD, assessing their effectiveness in symptom evaluation and monitoring and physical performance improvement. Studies were identified by searching in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Only 13 studies of 1027 were included in our review. Smartphones, smartwatches, and activity trackers showed a growing potential in the assessment, monitoring, and improvement of motor symptoms in people with PD, compared to clinical scales and research-grade sensors. Their relatively low cost, accessibility, and usability support their integration into real-world clinical practice and exhibit validity to support PD management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25123732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:40:27Z","timestamp":1750056027000},"page":"3732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Use of Smartphones and Wrist-Worn Devices for Motor Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review of Commercially Available Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4999-1683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Triolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ivaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Quartarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Lo Buono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Clinical Features and Diagnosis","volume":"79","author":"Jankovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a009282","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009282","article-title":"Motor Control Abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"9832839","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Motor Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease as the Rationale for Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation","volume":"2016","author":"Magrinelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147635","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3016062","article-title":"Early Detection of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Deep Learning and Machine Learning","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2018.09.008","article-title":"Early Detection of Parkinson\u2019s Disease through Patient Questionnaire and Predictive Modelling","volume":"119","author":"Prashanth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale Presentation and Clinimetric Testing Results","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27790","article-title":"Measuring Parkinson\u2019s Disease over Time: The Real-world Within-subject Reliability of the MDS-UPDRS","volume":"34","author":"Evers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"2211","article-title":"Video-Based Automated Assessment of Movement Parameters Consistent with MDS-UPDRS III in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Vignoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bou\u00e7a-Machado, R., Fernandes, A., Ranzato, C., Beneby, D., Nzwalo, H., and Ferreira, J.J. (2022). Measurement Tools to Assess Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.945398"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhidayasiri, R., and Tarsy, D. (2012). Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Hoehn and Yahr Scale. Movement Disorders: A Video Atlas, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-426-5"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-062117-121036","article-title":"New Sensor and Wearable Technologies to Aid in the Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Monje","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25628","article-title":"Quantitative Wearable Sensors for Objective Assessment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"28","author":"Maetzler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majumder, S., and Deen, M.J. (2019). Smartphone Sensors for Health Monitoring and Diagnosis. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092164"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0214-x","article-title":"MHealth and Wearable Technology Should Replace Motor Diaries to Track Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"3","author":"Erb","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simes-Marques, M., and Nunes, I.L. (2012). Usability of Interfaces. Ergonomics\u2014A Systems Approach, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/37299"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamczewska-Chmiel, K., Dudzic, K., Chmiela, T., and Gorzkowska, A. (2022). Smartphones, the Epidemic of the 21st Century: A Possible Source of Addictions and Neuropsychiatric Consequences. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095152"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB01063C","article-title":"Wearable and Flexible Sensors for User-Interactive Health-Monitoring Devices","volume":"6","author":"Ha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caroppo, A., Manni, A., Rescio, G., Carluccio, A.M., Siciliano, P.A., and Leone, A. (2025). Movement Disorders and Smart Wrist Devices: A Comprehensive Study. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25010266"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839919893361","article-title":"A Review of the PubMed PICO Tool: Using Evidence-Based Practice in Health Education","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.Y., Kang, S.J., Hong, S.-K., Ma, H.-I., Lee, U., and Kim, Y.J. (2016). A Validation Study of a Smartphone-Based Finger Tapping Application for Quantitative Assessment of Bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158852"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serra-A\u00f1\u00f3, P., Pedrero-S\u00e1nchez, J.F., Ingl\u00e9s, M., Aguilar-Rodr\u00edguez, M., Vargas-Villanueva, I., and L\u00f3pez-Pascual, J. (2020). Assessment of Functional Activities in Individuals with Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using a Simple and Reliable Smartphone-Based Procedure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114123"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, R.J., Ng, Y.S., Zhu, S., Tan, D.M., Anderson, B., Schlaug, G., and Wang, Y. (2015). A Validated Smartphone-Based Assessment of Gait and Gait Variability in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141694"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.02.026","article-title":"Detecting and Monitoring the Symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Smartphones: A Pilot Study","volume":"21","author":"Arora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"37","article-title":"Smartphone Based Timed Up and Go Test Can Identify Postural Instability in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Yahalom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2018-0036","article-title":"Usability of a Daily Mhealth Application Designed to Address Mobility, Speech and Dexterity in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Horin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00721-2","article-title":"Using a Smartwatch and Smartphone to Assess Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease in the WATCH-PD Study over 12 Months","volume":"10","author":"Adams","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00497-x","article-title":"Using a Smartwatch and Smartphone to Assess Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease in the WATCH-PD Study","volume":"9","author":"Adams","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000507","article-title":"Promoting Physical Activity in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease Through a Smartphone App: A Pilot Study","volume":"49","author":"Schootemeijer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.006","article-title":"Smartphone-Based Tactile Cueing Improves Motor Performance in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Ivkovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2022.05.003","article-title":"Effect of Mobile Health Intervention for Self-Management on Self-Efficacy, Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms, Self-Management, and Quality of Life in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"46","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigcha, L., Polvorinos-Fern\u00e1ndez, C., Costa, N., Costa, S., Arezes, P., Gago, M., Lee, C., L\u00f3pez, J.M., de Arcas, G., and Pav\u00f3n, I. (2023). Monipar: Movement Data Collection Tool to Monitor Motor Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Smartwatches and Smartphones. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1326640"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginis, P., Goris, M., De Groef, A., Blondeel, A., Gilat, M., Demeyer, H., Troosters, T., and Nieuwboer, A. (2023). Validation of Commercial Activity Trackers in Everyday Life of People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23084156"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12298","article-title":"Perceptions of Smartphone User-Centered Mobile Health Tracking Apps Across Various Chronic Illness Populations: An Integrative Review","volume":"49","author":"Birkhoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: A Revised Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Randomised Trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108602","article-title":"A Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Follow-up Studies of Exposure Effects (ROBINS-E)","volume":"186","author":"Higgins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.-A., Choi, M., Lee, S.A., and Jiang, N. (2018). Effective Behavioral Intervention Strategies Using Mobile Health Applications for Chronic Disease Management: A Systematic Review. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-018-0591-0"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11628-020-00428-3","article-title":"Healthcare Wearable Devices: An Analysis of Key Factors for Continuous Use Intention","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Serv. Bus."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.06.020","article-title":"At the Crossroads! Time to Start Taking Smartwatches Seriously","volume":"179","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48803","DOI":"10.2196\/48803","article-title":"Advances and Opportunities of Mobile Health in the Postpandemic Era: Smartphonization of Wearable Devices and Wearable Deviceization of Smartphones","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105988","article-title":"Smartphone Applications for Movement Disorders: Towards Collaboration and Re-Use","volume":"120","author":"Willemse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21923","DOI":"10.2196\/21923","article-title":"Smartphone Overuse and Visual Impairment in Children and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ertemel, A.V., and Ari, E. (2020). A Marketing Approach to a Psychological Problem: Problematic Smartphone Use on Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202004.0051.v2"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2016.09.001","article-title":"Health at Hand: A Systematic Review of Smart Watch Uses for Health and Wellness","volume":"63","author":"Reeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, A.H., and Weiss, G.M. (2015, January 8\u201311). Smartwatch-Based Biometric Gait Recognition. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 7th International Conference on Biometrics Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2015.7358794"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9157","article-title":"Using Fitness Trackers and Smartwatches to Measure Physical Activity in Research: Analysis of Consumer Wrist-Worn Wearables","volume":"20","author":"Henriksen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17129","DOI":"10.2196\/17129","article-title":"Paper Versus Digital Data Collection Methods for Road Safety Observations: Comparative Efficiency Analysis of Cost, Timeliness, Reliability, and Results","volume":"22","author":"Taber","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25606","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.25606","article-title":"Assessing the Impact of MHealth Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries\u2014What Has Been Shown to Work?","volume":"7","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2014.0053","article-title":"Cost-Utility and Cost-Effectiveness Studies of Telemedicine, Electronic, and Mobile Health Systems in the Literature: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Vaca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Telemed. E Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2021.100117","article-title":"Telemedicine for Healthcare: Capabilities, Features, Barriers, and Applications","volume":"2","author":"Haleem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borz\u00ec, L., Fornara, S., Amato, F., Olmo, G., Artusi, C.A., and Lopiano, L. (2020). Smartphone-Based Evaluation of Postural Stability in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients During Quiet Stance. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9060919"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/12\/3732\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:52:07Z","timestamp":1760032327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/12\/3732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s25123732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25123732","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]}}}