{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:56:00Z","timestamp":1785200160587,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund Project of Shandong Key Laboratory of Space Debris Monitoring and Low-orbit Satellite Networking","award":["CK-2024-0049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CK-2024-0049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) field, the diversity of devices and protocols leads to interconnection challenges. Conventional Modbus Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) gateways suffer from high overhead and latency of the TCP protocol stack. To enhance real-time communication while ensuring reliability, this study applies Markov chain theory to analyze User Datagram Protocol (UDP) transmission characteristics. An Advanced UDP (AUDP) protocol is proposed by integrating a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) check mechanism, retransmission mechanism, Transaction ID matching mechanism, and exponential backoff mechanism at the UDP application layer. Based on AUDP, a Modbus AUDP-RTU gateway is designed with a lightweight architecture to achieve bidirectional conversion between Modbus AUDP and Modbus RTU. Experimental validation and Markov chain-based modeling demonstrate that the proposed gateway significantly reduces communication latency compared to Modbus TCP-RTU and exhibits higher reliability than Modbus UDP-RTU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25133861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T04:50:05Z","timestamp":1750654205000},"page":"3861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Enhancing Bidirectional Modbus TCP \u2194 RTU Gateway Performance: A UDP Mechanism and Markov Chain Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Space Debris Monitoring and Low-Orbit Satellite Networking, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Space Debris Monitoring and Low-Orbit Satellite Networking, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1942-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingjian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Space Debris Monitoring and Low-Orbit Satellite Networking, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Space Debris Monitoring and Low-Orbit Satellite Networking, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6111-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Space Debris Monitoring and Low-Orbit Satellite Networking, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Space Debris Monitoring and Low-Orbit Satellite Networking, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengxu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Space Debris Monitoring and Low-Orbit Satellite Networking, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n, D., Folgado, F.J., Gonz\u00e1lez, I., and Calder\u00f3n, A.J. 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