{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:52:09Z","timestamp":1782978729165,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PZ00P3_186101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ00P3_186101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IZLIZ3_200275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZLIZ3_200275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the University of Zurich","award":["PZ00P3_186101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ00P3_186101"]}]},{"name":"the University of Zurich","award":["IZLIZ3_200275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZLIZ3_200275"]}]},{"name":"the Swiss Paraplegic Center","award":["PZ00P3_186101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ00P3_186101"]}]},{"name":"the Swiss Paraplegic Center","award":["IZLIZ3_200275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZLIZ3_200275"]}]},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research","award":["PZ00P3_186101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ00P3_186101"]}]},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research","award":["IZLIZ3_200275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZLIZ3_200275"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injuries (SCI) often result in impaired motor functions. To quantify these impairments, swimming patterns were analyzed in individuals with SCI. Water provides a unique rehabilitation environment where buoyancy supports weight-bearing activities and can reveal deficits that might otherwise go unnoticed. Data were collected of 30 individuals with chronic, motor-incomplete SCI and 20 healthy controls during breaststroke swimming on a kickboard. Using eight wearable inertial sensors attached to the lower limbs, we captured detailed kinematic data. Spatiotemporal parameters were then calculated and compared between the two groups to assess differences in swimming patterns. An analysis of the parameters revealed significant differences in velocity (p &lt; 0.001, \u03b52 = 0.476) and distance per stroke (p &lt; 0.001, \u03b52 = 0.516), indicating decreased swimming speeds in individuals with SCI compared to controls. Furthermore, individuals with SCI demonstrated a reduced range of motion (RoM) in the ankle (p = 0.003, \u03b52 = 0.516) and knee joints (p = 0.041, \u03b52 = 0.142). The limited RoM likely contributes to the shorter distance covered per stroke. These observations underscore the impact of SCI on functional capabilities. The developed algorithm holds promise for enhancing the assessment of motor deficits after neurological injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25133950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T08:23:22Z","timestamp":1750839802000},"page":"3950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantification of Lower Limb Kinematics During Swimming in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3818-259X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melina","family":"Giagiozis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Imhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3026-2543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibylle","family":"Achermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine R.","family":"Jutzeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5677-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Demk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Z\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Centre, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.5.477","article-title":"Spinal Cord Control of Movement: Implications for Locomotor Rehabilitation Following Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"80","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. 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