{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:06:21Z","timestamp":1785870381844,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Space Target Awareness and the Project of Space Information System Integration and Application Innovation Platform","award":["145AXL25000400X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["145AXL25000400X"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming at the requirement of space situational awareness on the full-domain and all-time coverage capability of low Earth orbit space targets and focusing on the design of a space-based space target awareness system, a space target awareness constellation design method based on simulation comparison is put forward. On the basis of systematically analyzing the distribution of space targets\u2019 orbits, the low Earth orbit space target surveillance mission mode, key indicators, and constraints of space target surveillance constellations are designed, and three space target surveillance constellation basic configurations are constructed. This paper randomly samples surveillance objects based on the stratified space target orbit distribution and selects a heterogeneous space target surveillance constellation in sun-synchronous morning\u2013twilight orbit that meets the requirements of the surveillance mission model and capability by using simulations and comparisons. The experiments show that the constellation can provide a satisfactory observation arc segment for cataloging and orbiting more than 80% of low Earth orbit targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25133977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T11:15:23Z","timestamp":1750936523000},"page":"3977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Design of Space Target Surveillance Constellation Based on Simulation Comparison Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Qinying","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Space Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Space Target Awareness, Beijing 101416, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2480-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Space Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Space Target Awareness, Beijing 101416, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Space Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development and implications of U.S. high-Earth-orbit space situational awareness technology","volume":"47","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Space Control. 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[Master\u2019s Thesis, Harbin Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"56","article-title":"Advances in theories and technologies for space target cataloging and orbit determination","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Space Debris Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Liu, L. (2010). Research on the Initial Orbit Determination of Space Target Direction Finding Based on Space-Based Surveillance. [Ph.D. Thesis, National University of Defense Technology]."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"16","article-title":"Application of neural networks in the problem of determining initial orbits for very short arcs","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surv. Mapp. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"283","article-title":"Research on the initial orbital relationship of space debris with a short angle and arc","volume":"50","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geod."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/13\/3977\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:59:29Z","timestamp":1760032769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/13\/3977"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s25133977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25133977","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]}}}