{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:52:08Z","timestamp":1787237528033,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A prior history of falls remains the strongest predictor of future falls in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). There are limited biomarkers available to identify falls risk before falls begin to occur. The aim of this review is to investigate if features associated with falls risk may be detected by wearable sensors in patients with PD. A systematic search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Cinahl databases was performed. Key quality criteria include sample size adequacy, data collection procedures, and the clarity of statistical analyses. The data from each included study were extracted into defined data extraction spreadsheets. Results were synthesized in a narrative manner. Twenty-four articles met the inclusion criteria. Of these, twelve measured falls prospectively, while the remaining relied on retrospective history. The definition of a \u201cfaller\u201d varied across studies. Most assessments were conducted in a clinical setting (18\/24). There was considerable variability in sensor placement and mobility tasks assessed. The most common sensor-derived measures that significantly differentiated \u201cfallers\u201d from \u201cnon-fallers\u201d in Parkinson\u2019s disease included gait variability, stride variability, trunk motion, walking speed, and stride length.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25134071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T12:10:31Z","timestamp":1751285431000},"page":"4071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Determining Falls Risk in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Wearable Sensors: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maeve","family":"Bradley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"O\u2019Loughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eoghan","family":"Donlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4611-4188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clodagh","family":"O\u2019Keeffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6086-4829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Inocentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2380-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1356-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Di Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8172-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conor","family":"Fearon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21598","article-title":"A meta-analysis of six prospective studies of falling in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Pickering","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afh203","article-title":"Fracture rates in Parkinson\u2019s disease compared with age- and gender-matched controls: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Genever","year":"2005","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10396","article-title":"Fear of falling and postural control in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Adkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.22540\/JFSF-09-267","article-title":"Post-Physical Therapy 4-Month In-Home Dynamic Standing Protocol Maintains Physical Therapy Gains and Improves Mobility, Balance Confidence, Fear of Falling and Quality of Life in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Examiner-Blinded Feasibility Clinical Trial","volume":"9","author":"Pongmala","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Frailty Sarcopenia Falls"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.04.004","article-title":"Fall frequency and risk assessment in early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Voss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"906274","article-title":"Recurrent Falls in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"2013","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parks. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26742","article-title":"Predicting first fall in newly diagnosed Parkinson\u2019s disease: Insights from a fall-naive cohort","volume":"31","author":"Lord","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25404","article-title":"Three simple clinical tests to accurately predict falls in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.10.030","article-title":"Consensus-based clinical practice recommendations for the examination and management of falls in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Klok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26572","article-title":"Measurement instruments to assess posture, gait, and balance in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Critique and recommendations","volume":"31","author":"Bloem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23292","article-title":"Falls in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Kinematic evidence for impaired head and trunk control","volume":"25","author":"Cole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(84)90004-6","article-title":"Gait analysis methodology","volume":"3","author":"Cappozzo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasanth, H., Caban, M., Keller, U., Courtine, G., Ijspeert, A., Vallery, H., and Von Zitzewitz, J. (2021). Wearable Sensor-Based Real-Time Gait Detection: A Systematic Review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082727"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pillai, S., Upadhyay, A., Sayson, D., Nguyen, B.H., and Tran, S.D. (2021). Advances in Medical Wearable Biosensors: Design, Fabrication and Materials Strategies in Healthcare Monitoring. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010165"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanardi, A.P.J., da Silva, E.S., Costa, R.R., Passos-Monteiro, E., Dos Santos, I.O., Kruel, L.F.M., and Peyr\u00e9-Tartaruga, L.A. (2021). Gait parameters of Parkinson\u2019s disease compared with healthy controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80768-2"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00585-y","article-title":"Overview on wearable sensors for the management of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Moreau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Npj Park\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02575-5","article-title":"The use of wearables for the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"130","author":"Reichmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26642","article-title":"Technology in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"31","author":"Espay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6452","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12611-x","article-title":"Machine learning and wearable sensors for automated Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnosis aid: A systematic review","volume":"271","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2023). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, The Cochrane Collaboration."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greene, B.R., Premoli, I., McManus, K., McGrath, D., and Caulfield, B. (2021). Predicting Fall Counts Using Wearable Sensors: A Novel Digital Biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010054"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2055668317750811","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of falls in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease using inertial sensors and the Timed Up and Go test","volume":"5","author":"Greene","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13601","article-title":"Effect of Levodopa and Environmental Setting on Gait and Turning Digital Markers Related to Falls in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, V.V., Jagodinsky, A., McNames, J., Carlson-Kuhta, P., Nutt, J.G., El-Gohary, M., Sowalsky, K., Harker, G., Mancini, M., and Horak, F.B. (2023). Gait and turning characteristics from daily life increase ability to predict future falls in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1096401"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-48","article-title":"Automated detection of missteps during community ambulation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A new approach for quantifying fall risk in the community setting","volume":"11","author":"Iluz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6419-4","article-title":"Assessment of dual tasking has no clinical value for fall prediction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"259","author":"Smulders","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22561","article-title":"Clinical and physiological assessments for elucidating falls risk in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Latt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3215921","article-title":"Fall Risk Prediction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Real-World Inertial Sensor Gait Data","volume":"27","author":"Ullrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, C.-L., Lai, Y.-R., Lien, C.-Y., Huang, C.-C., Chiu, W.-C., Chen, Y.-S., Yu, C.-C., Cheng, B.-C., Chiang, Y.-F., and Chang, H.-W. (2022). Feasibility of Combining Disease-Specific and Balance-Related Measures as Risk Predictors of Future Falls in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010127"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1849189","article-title":"Gait variability is sensitive to detect Parkinson\u2019s disease patients at high fall risk","volume":"132","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10240-8","article-title":"Kinematic but not clinical measures predict falls in Parkinson-related orthostatic hypotension","volume":"268","author":"Sturchio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316656057","article-title":"Neuromuscular Impairments Are Associated With Impaired Head and Trunk Stability During Gait in Parkinson Fallers","volume":"31","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss, A., Herman, T., Giladi, N., and Hausdorff, J.M. (2014). Objective Assessment of Fall Risk in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using a Body-Fixed Sensor Worn for 3 Days. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096675"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoskovcov\u00e1, M., Du\u0161ek, P., Sieger, T., Bro\u017eov\u00e1, H., Z\u00e1rubov\u00e1, K., Bezd\u00ed\u010dek, O., \u0160prdl\u00edk, O., Jech, R., \u0160tochl, J., and Roth, J. (2015). Predicting Falls in Parkinson Disease: What Is the Value of Instrumented Testing in OFF Medication State?. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139849"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01311-5","article-title":"Predicting future fallers in Parkinson\u2019s disease using kinematic data over a period of 5 years","volume":"7","author":"Sotirakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castiglia, S.F., Tatarelli, A., Trabassi, D., Icco, R.D., Grillo, V., Ranavolo, A., Varrecchia, T., Magnifica, F., Di Lenola, D., and Coppola, G. (2021). Ability of a Set of Trunk Inertial Indexes of Gait to Identify Gait Instability and Recurrent Fallers in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103449"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp009","article-title":"Acceleration Patterns of the Head and Pelvis During Gait in Older People With Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Comparison of Fallers and Nonfallers","volume":"64A","author":"Latt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx254","article-title":"Analysis of Free-Living Gait in Older Adults With and Without Parkinson\u2019s Disease and With and Without a History of Falls: Identifying Generic and Disease-Specific Characteristics","volume":"74","author":"Din","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.06.002","article-title":"Assessing stability in mild and moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease: Can clinical measures provide insight?","volume":"49","author":"Hubble","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2024.100757","article-title":"COMBINATION OF CLINICAL AND GAIT MEASURES TO CLASSIFY FALLERS AND NON-FALLERS IN PARKINSON\u2019S DISEASE","volume":"28","author":"Smaili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(03)00104-7","article-title":"Gait dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Relationship to Parkinsonian features, falls and response to levodopa","volume":"212","author":"Schaafsma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.11.008","article-title":"Imposed Faster and Slower Walking Speeds Influence Gait Stability Differently in Parkinson Fallers","volume":"98","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000110","article-title":"Instrumented Test of Sensory Integration for Balance: A Validation Study","volume":"41","author":"Freeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2551-0","article-title":"Postural instability and fall risk in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Impaired dual tasking, pacing, and bilateral coordination of gait during the \u201cON\u201d medication state","volume":"210","author":"Plotnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.105235","article-title":"Should we use both clinical and mobility measures to identify fallers in Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"106","author":"Vitorio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Yan, Y., Kong, X., and Su, S. (2024). Risk factors for falls in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A cross-sectional observational and Mendelian randomization study. Front. Aging Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1420885"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13860","article-title":"Prevention of Falls in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Guidelines and Gaps","volume":"10","author":"Camicioli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1877718X241305626","article-title":"A framework to standardize gait study protocols in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Mancini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Parks. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27830","article-title":"Home-based monitoring of falls using wearable sensors in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Smits","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.09.006","article-title":"Freezer or non-freezer: Clinical assessment of freezing of gait","volume":"18","author":"Snijders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27195","article-title":"Falls in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A complex and evolving picture","volume":"32","author":"Fasano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1063-z","article-title":"Effects of walking speed on gait biomechanics in healthy participants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Fukuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130115","article-title":"Abnormalities in the stride length-cadence relation in parkinsonian gait","volume":"13","author":"Morris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.12.1532","article-title":"Ability to modulate walking cadence remains intact in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Morris","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.08.002","article-title":"Effects of walking speed, strength and range of motion on gait stability in healthy older adults","volume":"41","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.07.004","article-title":"The effect of walking speed on quality of gait in older adults","volume":"65","author":"Huijben","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03408.x","article-title":"The Nonlinear Relationship Between Gait Speed and Falls: The Maintenance of Balance, Independent Living, Intellect, and Zest in the Elderly of Boston Study","volume":"59","author":"Quach","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13170","article-title":"A Self-Reported Clinical Tool Predicts Falls in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-00897-1","article-title":"Digital gait biomarkers in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Susceptibility\/risk, progression, response to exercise, and prognosis","volume":"11","author":"Mancini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Park\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.07.010","article-title":"Gait variability in older adults: A structured review of testing protocol and clinimetric properties","volume":"34","author":"Lord","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.24893","article-title":"Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: A 1-year prospective study","volume":"82","author":"Hausdorff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1159\/000235905","article-title":"Gait Variability among Healthy Adults: Low and High Stride-to-Stride Variability Are Both a Reflection of Gait Stability","volume":"55","author":"Beauchet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00946.x","article-title":"Gait Changes in Older Adults: Predictors of Falls or Indicators of Fear?","volume":"45","author":"Maki","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(91)90283-D","article-title":"Dopa-sensitive and Dopa-resistant gait parameters in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"103","author":"Blin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.07.008","article-title":"Gait characteristics and falls in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Creaby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132811Y.0000000044","article-title":"Gait variability in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Influence of walking speed and dopaminergic treatment","volume":"33","author":"Bryant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-2-23","article-title":"Effect of gait speed on gait rhythmicity in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Variability of stride time and swing time respond differently","volume":"2","author":"Giladi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"210","article-title":"Completion and Return of Fall Diaries Varies With Participants\u2019 Level of Education, First Language, and Baseline Fall Risk","volume":"67A","author":"Perry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. M\u00e9d. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.06.023","article-title":"Natural history of falls in a population-based cohort of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: An 8-year prospective study","volume":"20","author":"Hiorth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8424-0","article-title":"Freezing of gait and fall detection in Parkinson\u2019s disease using wearable sensors: A systematic review","volume":"264","author":"Evers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/13\/4071\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:01:48Z","timestamp":1760032908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/13\/4071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s25134071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25134071","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}}}