{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:45:07Z","timestamp":1784133907862,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the relationship between spinal morphological changes and gait characteristics in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) using inertial measurement unit (IMU) analysis. Twenty-three female patients with AIS scheduled for corrective surgery underwent a preoperative gait analysis using an IMU positioned at the third lumbar vertebra. Gait stability indicators were calculated, including root mean square (RMS) values for mediolateral (RMSx), anteroposterior, and vertical components. Peak mediolateral components in four coronal plane quadrants were also analyzed. Relationships with the main thoracic (MT) curve, the thoracolumbar (TL) curve, and thoracic kyphosis (TK) were assessed using Spearman\u2019s rank correlation. The MT curve is positively correlated with RMSx, whereas TK exhibited a negative correlation. Gait symmetry analysis revealed a positive correlation between the MT curve and peak mediolateral trunk acceleration in the second (left upper) quadrant, and negative correlations for TK in the first (right upper) and fourth (right lower) quadrants. Patients with AIS who have right-convex MT curves demonstrated leftward center-of-gravity shifts, although reduced TK limited this compensatory mechanism. These findings may inform the development of rehabilitation strategies for AIS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25144265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T10:26:53Z","timestamp":1752229613000},"page":"4265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Influence of Main Thoracic and Thoracic Kyphosis Morphology on Gait Characteristics in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: Gait Analysis Using an Inertial Measurement Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kento","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Oita University Hospital, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1305-445X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Tsubouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Biology, Department of Health Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita 870-1201, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8139-2709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsutaro","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhi","family":"Takeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Oita University Hospital, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marino","family":"Iwakiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Oita University Hospital, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kataoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Oita University Hospital, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Oita University Hospital, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Sako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Kataoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Course of Study, Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences, Oita University, Oita 870-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1661-6817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiro","family":"Kaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60658-3","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"371","author":"Weinstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-016-0105-8","article-title":"Genetics and pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"11","author":"Grauers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"193","article-title":"Adolescent Idiopathic scoliosis: Diagnosis and management","volume":"89","author":"Horne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-02954-4","article-title":"Posterior minimally invasive scoliosis surgery versus the standard posterior approach for the management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: An updated meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seleviciene, V., Cesnaviciute, A., Strukcinskiene, B., Marcinowicz, L., Strazdiene, N., and Genowska, A. (2022). Physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercise methodologies used for conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and their effectiveness: An extended literature review of current research and practice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159240"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.22603\/ssrr.2024-0191","article-title":"Effects of physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercise for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis cobb angle: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Oba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spine Surg. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2016.10.3.570","article-title":"Postural rehabilitation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"10","author":"Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0145-8","article-title":"2016 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"13","author":"Negrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Gravity sway in idiopathic scoliosis [tokuhatsusei sokuwan-sh\u014d ni okeru heik\u014d kin\u014d no kaiseki]","volume":"42","author":"Higuchi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Seikei Geka Saigai Geka"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200209010-00018","article-title":"Relations between standing stability and body posture parameters in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"27","author":"Nault","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.06.006","article-title":"Gait stability improvement after fusion surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is influenced by corrective measures in coronal and sagittal planes","volume":"40","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90231-3","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of trunk accelerometry during standing and walking","volume":"79","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3613","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113613","article-title":"Optimizing rare disease gait classification through data balancing and generative AI: Insights from hereditary cerebellar ataxia","volume":"24","author":"Trabassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200108000-00006","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A new classification to determine extent of spinal arthrodesis","volume":"83","author":"Lenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000405","article-title":"Classifications in brief: The lenke classification for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"476","author":"Slattery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.7145","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of scoliosis: Review","volume":"194","author":"Malfair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.02.017","article-title":"Dynamic sagittal alignment and compensation strategies in adult spinal deformity during walking","volume":"21","author":"Severijns","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/32.2.137","article-title":"Age-related differences in walking stability","volume":"32","author":"Menz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.24893","article-title":"Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: A 1-year prospective study","volume":"82","author":"Hausdorff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.24.405","article-title":"The usefulness of a new gait symmetry parameter derived from lissajous figures of tri-axial acceleration signals of the trunk","volume":"24","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-118","article-title":"A gait abnormality measure based on root mean square of trunk acceleration","volume":"10","author":"Sekine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17739","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17739","article-title":"Wearable accelerometers reveal objective assessment of walking symmetry and regularity in idiopathic scoliosis patients","volume":"12","author":"Gan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1002-0","article-title":"Gait in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Energy cost analysis","volume":"18","author":"Mahaudens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.01.007","article-title":"Gait in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Effect of surgery at 10 years of follow-up","volume":"61","author":"Mahaudens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.901031","article-title":"The effect of lateral stabilization on walking in young and old adults","volume":"54","author":"Dean","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1112-z","article-title":"Differences in coding provided by proprioceptive and vestibular sensory signals may contribute to lateral instability in vestibular loss subjects","volume":"184","author":"Allum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1589\/rika.17.3","article-title":"Gait analysis of patients with cerebrovascular disease [N\u014dkekkan sh\u014dgai no hok\u014d bunseki]","volume":"17","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rigakuryoho Kagaku"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.09.035","article-title":"A meta-analysis of gait in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.10.008","article-title":"Gait and energy consumption in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A literature review","volume":"60","author":"Daryabor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1589\/rika.30.627","article-title":"Comparison of static and dynamic balance between middle-aged and elderly women [Seiteki oyobi d\u014dteki baransu n\u014d no karei ni yoru eiky\u014d: Ch\u016bnen to k\u014dnen josei no hikaku kara]","volume":"30","author":"Narita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rigakuryoho Kagaku"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1589\/rika.25.735","article-title":"Relationship of spinal mobility in extension with balance and walking ability in patients with kyphosis [Sekich\u016b k\u014dwan henkei kanja ni okeru sekich\u016b shinten kad\u014dsei to baransu, hok\u014d n\u014dryoku to no kankei]","volume":"25","author":"Morifuji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rigakuryoho Kagaku"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2019.06.015","article-title":"Flexibility of the thoracic curve and three-dimensional thoracic kyphosis can predict pulmonary function in nonoperatively treated adult patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"25","author":"Ohashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/14\/4265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:07:06Z","timestamp":1760033226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/14\/4265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s25144265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25144265","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]}}}