{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:36:50Z","timestamp":1792625810268,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physiological tremor analysis is a practical tool for assessing the neuromuscular impacts of sport-specific training. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the physiological characteristics of lower limb resting postural tremor in athletes from Poland\u2019s national speed skating team, following both sprint and endurance workouts. The study included 19 male, well-trained, elite athletes (with a mean age of 18 \u00b1 3.1 years, body mass of 71.4 \u00b1 10.1 kg, height of 178.5 \u00b1 9.0 cm, and training experience of 12.6 \u00b1 2.8 years) and a control group of 19 physically active but non-athlete men (with a mean age of 19 \u00b1 2.3 years, body mass of 78.9 \u00b1 12.1 kg, and height of 181.5 \u00b1 11.0 cm). This group was assessed under resting conditions to provide baseline reference values for physiological tremor and to evaluate whether the neuromuscular tremor response is specific to trained athletes. Tremor amplitude and frequency were measured using an accelerometer, with data log-transformed to normalize the power spectrum distribution. Key findings indicate a significant effect of training condition on tremor amplitude in the low-frequency range (L(2_5); F(1,18) = 38.42; p &lt; 0.0001; \u03b7p2 = 0.68) and high-frequency range (L(9_14); F(1,36) = 19.19; p &lt; 0.0001; \u03b7p2 = 0.51). Post hoc analysis showed that tremor amplitude increased significantly after both sprint (p &lt; 0.001) and endurance training (p &lt; 0.001) compared to rest. No significant differences were observed between sprint and endurance training conditions for L(2_5) (p = 0.1014), but sprint training resulted in a greater increase in tremor in the high-frequency range (L(9_14); p &lt; 0.0001). Tremor frequency (F(2_5) and F(9_14)) also increased significantly post-training. Notably, no differences were observed between limbs, indicating symmetrical neuromuscular adaptation. These findings highlight the utility of tremor analysis in monitoring neuromuscular fatigue and performance in speed skaters. Future research should explore the application of this method in broader athletic populations and evaluate its potential integration into training programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25144301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T10:26:53Z","timestamp":1752229613000},"page":"4301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characteristics of Post-Exercise Lower Limb Muscle Tremor Among Speed Skaters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0810-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Kuli\u015b","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3371-9663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Pietraszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9151-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Callegari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, R. Augusto Corr\u00eaa 01, Bel\u00e9m 66093-020, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos da Motricidade Humana, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Av. General\u00edssimo Deodoro 01, Bel\u00e9m 66073-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2023.122479","article-title":"Testing Distance Characteristics and Reference Values for Ice-Hockey Straight Sprint Speed and Acceleration. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses","volume":"40","author":"Stastny","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1503323","article-title":"Ice Hockey Skating Sprints: Run to Glide Mechanics of High Calibre Male and Female Athletes","volume":"19","author":"Budarick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa035","article-title":"Use of surface electromyography to measure muscle fatigue in patients in an acute care hospital","volume":"100","author":"Skrzat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-019-01949-4","article-title":"Mechanomyography-based muscle fatigue detection during electrically elicited cycling in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"57","author":"Naeem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504265191","article-title":"The influence of muscle fatigue on electromyogram and plantar pressure patterns as an explanation for the incidence of metatarsal stress fractures","volume":"32","author":"Weist","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ot\u00e1lora, S., Segatto, M.E.V., Monteiro, M.E., M\u00fanera, M., D\u00edaz, C.A.R., and Cifuentes, C.A. (2023). Data-driven approach for upper limb fatigue estimation based on wearable sensors. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229291"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.12.013","article-title":"Walking-induced fatigue leads to increased falls risk in older adults","volume":"17","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.01.010","article-title":"Surface EMG based muscle fatigue evaluation in biomechanics","volume":"24","author":"Cifrek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1145\/3648679","article-title":"Non-invasive techniques for muscle fatigue monitoring: A comprehensive survey","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.2001130","article-title":"Changes in muscle activity and kinematics of highly trained cyclists during fatigue","volume":"55","author":"Dingwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa60b9","article-title":"Surface EMG and muscle fatigue: Multi-channel approaches to the study of myoelectric manifestations of muscle fatigue","volume":"38","author":"Marco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43615","DOI":"10.2196\/43615","article-title":"Technologies in home-based digital rehabilitation: Scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Arntz","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.1063","article-title":"The Pathophysiology of Tremor","volume":"24","author":"Deuschl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bureneva, O., and Safyannikov, N. (2022). Strain Gauge Measuring System for Subsensory Micromotions Analysis as an Element of a Hybrid Human\u2013Machine Interface. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239146"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Wu, M., Sun, Z., and Huang, Q. (2024). Spatial Augmented Reality for Expanding the Reach of Individuals with Tremor beyond Their Physical Limits. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.1887.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novak, D., Tomasek, A., Lipinska, P., and Stastny, P. (2020). The Specificity of Motor Learning Tasks Determines the Kind of Skating Skill Development in Older School-Age Children. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8090126"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahtalebi, S., Atashzar, S.F., Samotus, O., Patel, R.V., Jog, M.S., and Mohammadi, A. (2020). PHTNet: Characterization and Deep Mining of Involuntary Pathological Hand Tremor Using Recurrent Neural Network Models. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58912-9"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003291","article-title":"Scientific Basis for Eccentric Quasi-Isometric Resistance Training: A Narrative Review","volume":"33","author":"Oranchuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Go\u0142a\u015b, A., Pietraszewski, P., Roczniok, R., Kr\u00f3likowska, P., Ornowski, K., Jab\u0142o\u0144ski, T., Kuli\u015b, S., and Zaj\u0105c, A. (2024). Neuromuscular Control during the Bench Press Exercise Performed with Free Weights and Pneumatic Loading. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14093782"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2020-0049","article-title":"Muscle Activity Asymmetry of the Lower Limbs during Sprinting in Elite Soccer Players","volume":"75","author":"Pietraszewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000923","article-title":"Neural Contributions to Muscle Fatigue: From the Brain to the Muscle and Back Again","volume":"48","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032","DOI":"10.20463\/pan.2022.0022","article-title":"Analysis of Physiological Tremors during Different Intensities of Armcurl Exercises Using Wearable Three-Axis Accelerometers in Healthy Young Men: A Pilot Study","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Act. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.2.664","article-title":"Load-Independent Contributions From Motor-Unit Synchronization to Human Physiological Tremor","volume":"82","author":"Halliday","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazur-R\u00f3\u017cycka, J., Gajewski, J., Orysiak, J., Sitkowski, D., and Bu\u015bko, K. (2023). The Influence of Fatigue on the Characteristics of Physiological Tremor and Hoffmann Reflex in Young Men. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043436"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Hu, N., Sun, M., Qu, F., and Zhou, X. (2024). The Effects of Hand Tremors on the Shooting Performance of Air Pistol Shooters with Different Skill Levels. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082438"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90022-P","article-title":"Changes in Finger Tremor during Prolonged Submaximal Contractions","volume":"10","author":"Palmer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Ara\u00fajo, A.C.A., Santos, E.G.D.R., De S\u00e1, K.S.G., Furtado, V.K.T., Santos, F.A., De Lima, R.C., Krejcov\u00e1, L.V., Santos-Lobato, B.L., Pinto, G.H.L., and Cabral, A.D.S. (2020). Hand Resting Tremor Assessment of Healthy and Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Exploratory Machine Learning Study. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00778"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210100476","article-title":"Physiological Tremor of the Upper Limb Segments","volume":"85","author":"Takanokura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"237","article-title":"Changes in Tremor and Hormonal Responses to High\u2014Intensity Exercise on Kayak Ergometer","volume":"23","author":"Gajewski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1127343","article-title":"Changes in physiological tremor Resulting from Sleep Deprivation under Conditions of increasing Fatigue During Prolonged Military Training","volume":"31","author":"Tomczak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.245316","article-title":"The development of peripheral fatigue and short-term recovery during self-paced high-intensity exercise","volume":"591","author":"Froyd","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2014.077974","article-title":"Exercise performance is regulated during repeated sprints to limit the development of peripheral fatigue beyond a critical threshold","volume":"99","author":"Hureau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/159644","article-title":"Reference Values of the Forearm Tremor Power Spectra for Youth Athletes","volume":"86","author":"Gajewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.8.1545","article-title":"Physiological and Pathological Tremors and Rhythmic Central Motor Control","volume":"123","author":"McAuley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.2.378","article-title":"Subthalamic Nucleus, Sensorimotor Cortex and Muscle Interrelationships in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"124","author":"Marsden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papale, O., Di Rocco, F., Festino, E., Gammino, V., Cortis, C., and Fusco, A. (2024). Do Hand Exercises Influence Physiological Hand Tremor? An Observational Cohort Study on Healthy Young Adults. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14114467"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160065","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160065","article-title":"Physiological Tremor Reveals How Thixotropy Adapts Skeletal Muscle for Posture and Movement","volume":"3","author":"Vernooij","year":"2016","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(94)90037-X","article-title":"Does the Level of Adaptation to a Heavy Physical Effort Influence Fatigue-Induced Changes in Tremor Amplitude?","volume":"13","author":"Gajewski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00788.2018","article-title":"Muscle Thixotropy\u2014Where Are We Now?","volume":"126","author":"Lakie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.5.1164","article-title":"Exercise-Induced Amplitude Modification of Physiological Action Tremor of the Ankle","volume":"53","author":"Iaizzo","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1515\/humo-2015-0050","article-title":"Changes of Physiological Tremor Following Maximum Intensity Exercise in Male and Female Young Swimmers","volume":"16","author":"Gajewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mov."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, A. (2013). Human Tremor: Origins, Detection and Quantification. Practical Applications in Biomedical Engineering, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/3331"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthtr.2014.01.002","article-title":"A New Method for Quantitative Tremor Assessment in Sports","volume":"30","author":"Evangelista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sport-Orthop\u00e4die-Sport-Traumatol.-Sports Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2044-7","article-title":"Global Effect on Multi-Segment Physiological Tremors Due to Localized Fatiguing Contraction","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23674","article-title":"Tremor Severity and Age: A Cross-sectional, Population-based Study of 2524 Young and Midlife Normal Adults","volume":"26","author":"Louis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.10.1547","article-title":"Essential Tremor Frequency Decreases with Time","volume":"55","author":"Elble","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.07.002","article-title":"The Impact of Localized Fatigue on Contralateral Tremor and Muscle Activity Is Exacerbated by Standing Posture","volume":"20","author":"Morrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/14\/4301\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:07:41Z","timestamp":1760033261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/14\/4301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s25144301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25144301","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]}}}