{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T15:59:01Z","timestamp":1774022341104,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compression pants, as functional sportswear providing external pressure, are widely used to enhance athletic performance and accelerate recovery. However, systematic investigations into their effectiveness during anaerobic exercise and the impact of different pressure levels on performance and post-exercise recovery remain limited. This randomized crossover controlled trial recruited 20 healthy male university students to compare the effects of four garment conditions: non-compressive pants (NCP), moderate-pressure compression pants (MCP), high-pressure compression pants (HCP), and ultra-high-pressure compression pants (UHCP). Anaerobic performance was assessed through vertical jump, agility tests, and the Wingate anaerobic test, with indicators including time at peak power (TPP), peak power (PP), average power (AP), minimum power (MP), power drop (PD), and total energy produced (TEP). Post-exercise blood lactate concentrations and heart rate responses were also monitored. The results showed that both HCP and UHCP significantly improved vertical jump height (p &lt; 0.01), while MCP outperformed all other conditions in agility performance (p &lt; 0.05). In the Wingate test, MCP achieved a shorter TPP compared to NCP (p &lt; 0.05), with significantly higher AP, lower PD, and greater TEP than all other groups (p &lt; 0.05), whereas HCP showed an advantage only in PP over NCP (p &lt; 0.05). Post-exercise, all compression pant groups recorded significantly higher peak blood lactate (Lamax) levels than NCP (p &lt; 0.05), with MCP showing the fastest lactate clearance rate. Heart rate analysis revealed that HCP and UHCP induced higher maximum heart rates (HRmax) (p &lt; 0.05), while MCP exhibited superior heart rate recovery at 3, 5, and 10 min post-exercise (p&lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that compression pants with different pressure levels yield distinct effects on anaerobic performance and physiological recovery. Moderate-pressure compression pants demonstrated the most balanced and beneficial outcomes across multiple performance and recovery metrics, providing practical implications for the individualized design and application of compression garments in athletic training and rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25154875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T09:56:42Z","timestamp":1754647002000},"page":"4875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Compression Pants with Different Pressure Levels on Anaerobic Performance and Post-Exercise Physiological Recovery: Randomized Crossover Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Qinlong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaixuan","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenlang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Fitness and Health, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenda","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2165\/11591420-000000000-00000","article-title":"Compression garments and exercise: Garment considerations, physiology and performance","volume":"41","author":"MacRae","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000469","article-title":"Influence of compression garments on recovery after marathon running","volume":"28","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.1.4","article-title":"Bringing light into the dark: Effects of compression clothing on performance and recovery","volume":"8","author":"Born","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizuno, S., Arai, M., Todoko, F., Yamada, E., and Goto, K. (2017). Wearing lower-body compression garment with medium pressure impaired exercise-induced performance decrement during prolonged running. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178620"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1258\/phleb.2010.010017","article-title":"Cardio-respiratory and metabolic responses to different levels of compression during submaximal exercise","volume":"26","author":"Sperlich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Kim, R.-K., Chae, W.-S., and Kang, N. (2023). Compression sportswear improves speed, endurance, and functional motor performances: A meta-analysis. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app132413198"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.24985\/ijass.2021.33.1.108","article-title":"The Effect of Whole-Body Compression Garments on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance, 3-km Running Record and Physical Fitness in Amateur Marathoners","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0716","article-title":"Enhanced cycling time-trial performance during multiday exercise with higher-pressure compression garment wear","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"McManus, C.J. (2020). Compression Under Pressure: Physiological and Methodological Factors Influencing the Effect of Compression Garments on Running Economy. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Essex]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.10.006","article-title":"The effects of compression garments on recovery of muscle performance following high-intensity sprint and plyometric exercise","volume":"13","author":"Duffield","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, L., Fu, S., Li, J., Wu, S., Adams, R., Han, J., and Han, C. (2022). Effects of compression running pants and treadmill running stages on knee proprioception and fatigue-related physiological responses in half-marathon runners. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1035424"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1464-0","article-title":"Lower limb compression garment improves recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in young, active females","volume":"109","author":"Jakeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410600718376","article-title":"Graduated compression stockings: Physiological and perceptual responses during and after exercise","volume":"25","author":"Ali","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2001.31.6.282","article-title":"Influence of compression therapy on symptoms following soft tissue injury from maximal eccentric exercise","volume":"31","author":"Kraemer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04661-0","article-title":"Wearing compression tights post-exercise enhances recovery hemodynamics and subsequent cycling performance","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Biddulph, B. (2023). Effects of Compression Garments During Exercise and Recovery Activities on Muscle Oxygenation Responses. [Ph.D. Thesis, Nottingham Trent University]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3390\/textiles2030022","article-title":"Tight margins: Compression garment use during exercise and recovery\u2014A systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Leabeater","year":"2022","journal-title":"Textiles"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"75","article-title":"Compression garments and exercise: No influence of pressure applied","volume":"14","author":"Beliard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leabeater, A., Vickery-Howe, D., Perrett, C., James, L., Middleton, K., and Driller, M. (2024). Evaluating the effect of sports compression tights on balance, sprinting, jumping and change of direction tasks. Sports Biomech., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2023.2298955"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"600","article-title":"Classification of compression bandages: Practical aspects","volume":"34","author":"Partsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2012.05.0096","article-title":"Comparison of three agility tests with male servicemembers: Edgren Side Step Test, T-Test, and Illinois Agility Test","volume":"50","author":"Raya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1139\/h01-030","article-title":"Evaluation of the Monark Wingate ergometer by direct measurement of resistance and velocity","volume":"26","author":"MacIntosh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"63","article-title":"Effect Combination of HIIT with Recovery Model on VO2max Quality and Monitoring of Heart-Rate Recovery","volume":"6","author":"Kurniawan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jp. Jok (J. Pendidik. Jasm. Olahraga Dan Kesehat.)"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael, S., Graham, K.S., and Davis, G.M. (2017). Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals\u2014A review. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00301"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(00)00090-4","article-title":"Heart rate recovery post-exercise as an index of parasympathetic activity","volume":"80","author":"Pierpont","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00581.2017","article-title":"Effects of a compression garment on sensory feedback transmission in the human upper limb","volume":"120","author":"Barss","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"180","article-title":"Influence of Compression Garments on Vertical Jump Performance in NCAA Division I Volleyball Players","volume":"10","author":"Kraemer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.08.018","article-title":"Effects of wearing compression garments on physiological and performance measures in a simulated game-specific circuit for netball","volume":"12","author":"Higgins","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2015-0048","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Compression Socks for Athletic Performance and Recovery","volume":"26","author":"Stanek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0546-5","article-title":"Is There Evidence that Runners can Benefit from Wearing Compression Clothing?","volume":"46","author":"Engel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0045-9","article-title":"Decision-making in sensorimotor control","volume":"19","author":"Gallivan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1545","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1991.261.5.H1545","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses to graded reductions in leg perfusion in exercising humans","volume":"261","author":"Rowell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09386.x","article-title":"Effects of graded restriction of perfusion on circulation and metabolism in the working leg; quantification of a human ischaemia-model","volume":"146","author":"Sundberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effects of graduated compression stockings on blood lactate following an exhaustive bout of exercise","volume":"66","author":"Berry","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-865718","article-title":"Aerobic energy cost and sensation responses during submaximal running exercise-positive effects of wearing compression tights","volume":"27","author":"Bringard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0638","article-title":"Lower limb sports compression garments improve muscle blood flow and exercise performance during repeated-sprint cycling","volume":"13","author":"Broatch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1258\/rsmvasc.12.1.69","article-title":"Effect of graduated compression stockings on limb oxygenation and venous function during exercise in patients with venous insufficiency","volume":"12","author":"Agu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"MacLaren, D., and Morton, J. (2024). Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092456","article-title":"Compression garments and recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage: A meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181d6848e","article-title":"The effect of graduated compression stockings on running performance","volume":"25","author":"Ali","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H451","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00008.2006","article-title":"Cardiac parasympathetic regulation: Respective associations with cardiorespiratory fitness and training load","volume":"291","author":"Buchheit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"10","article-title":"Post-exercise heart rate recovery: An index of cardiovascular fitness","volume":"12","author":"Dimkpa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Physiol. Online"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/15\/4875\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:25:51Z","timestamp":1760034351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/15\/4875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s25154875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25154875","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]}}}