{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:19:19Z","timestamp":1790389159327,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinical trials in nephrology have historically been hindered by significant challenges, including slow disease progression, patient heterogeneity, and recruitment difficulties. While recent therapeutic breakthroughs have transformed care, they have also created a \u2018paradox of success\u2019 by lowering baseline event rates, further complicating traditional trial designs. We hypothesize that integrating innovative trial methodologies with advanced computational tools is essential for overcoming these hurdles and accelerating therapeutic development in kidney disease. This narrative review synthesizes the literature on persistent challenges in nephrology trials and explores methodological innovations. It investigates the transformative impact of computational tools, specifically Artificial Intelligence (AI), techniques like Augmented Reality (AR) and Conditional Tabular Generative Adversarial Networks (CTGANs), in silico clinical trials (ISCTs) and Digital Health Technologies across the research lifecycle. Key methodological innovations include adaptive designs, pragmatic trials, real-world evidence, and validated surrogate endpoints. AI offers transformative potential in optimizing trial design, accelerating patient stratification, and enabling complex data analysis, while AR can improve procedural accuracy, and CTGANs can augment scarce datasets. ISCTs provide complementary capabilities for simulating drug effects and optimizing designs using virtual patient cohorts. The future of clinical research in nephrology lies in the synergistic convergence of methodological and computational innovation. This integrated approach offers a pathway for conducting more efficient, precise, and patient-centric trials, provided that critical barriers related to data quality, model validation, regulatory acceptance, and ethical implementation are addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25164909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T15:30:52Z","timestamp":1754667052000},"page":"4909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Future Designs of Clinical Trials in Nephrology: Integrating Methodological Innovation and Computational Power"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8527-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camillo Tancredi","family":"Strizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2882-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pesce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Ospedale Isola Tiberina\u2014Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.04.019","article-title":"Challenges in conducting clinical trials in nephrology: Conclusions from a Kidney Disease\u2014Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference","volume":"92","author":"Baigent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i70","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae210","article-title":"Design considerations for future renoprotection trials in the era of multiple therapies for chronic kidney disease","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol. 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