{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T03:14:13Z","timestamp":1778728453743,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The half-sitting posture is essential for many functional tasks performed by industrial workers. Thus, passive lower-limb exoskeletons, known as wearable chairs, are increasingly used to relieve lower-limb loading in such scenarios. However, although these devices lighten muscle effort during half-sitting tasks, they can disrupt walking mechanics and balance. Moreover, rigorous biomechanical data on joint moments and contact forces during walking with such a device remain scarce. Therefore, this study conducted a biomechanical evaluation of level walking with a wearable chair to quantify its effects on gait and joint loading. Participants performed walking experiments with and without the wearable chair. An optical motion capture system and force plates collected kinematic and ground reaction data. Six-axis force sensors measured contact forces and moments. These measurements were fed into a Newton\u2013Euler inverse dynamics model to estimate lower-limb joint moments and assess joint loading. The contact measurements showed that nearly all rotational load was absorbed at the thigh attachment, while the ankle attachment served mainly as a positional guide with minimal moment transfer. The inverse dynamics analysis revealed that the wearable chair introduced unintended rotational stresses at lower-limb joints, potentially elevating musculoskeletal risk. This detailed biomechanical evidence underpins targeted design refinements to redistribute loads and better protect lower-limb joints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25164999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1755016236000},"page":"4999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomechanical Effects of a Passive Lower-Limb Exoskeleton Designed for Half-Sitting Work Support on Walking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1661-1277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4932-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoto","family":"Haraguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Assistive Technology, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa 359-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bian","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7984-8914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sentong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Hirosaki University, Aomori 036-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2530-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazunori","family":"Hase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20918","article-title":"Risk factors for lower extremity fatigue among assembly plant workers","volume":"54","author":"Gell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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