{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:26:34Z","timestamp":1785900394333,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology","award":["07\/010\/BK_ 25\/1048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07\/010\/BK_ 25\/1048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents a deep learning approach for classifying the developmental stages (larvae, nymphs, adult females, and adult males) of Ixodes ricinus ticks, the most common tick species in Europe and a major vector of tick-borne pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Each developmental stage plays a different role in disease transmission, with nymphs considered the most epidemiologically relevant stage due to their small size and high prevalence. We developed a convolutional neural network (CNN) model trained on a dataset of microscopic tick images collected in the area of Upper Silesia, Poland. Grad-CAM, an XAI technique, was used to identify the regions of the image that most influenced the model\u2019s decisions. This work is the first to utilize a CNN model for the identification of European tick fauna stages. Compared to existing solutions focused on North American tick species, our model addresses the specific challenge of distinguishing developmental stages within I. ricinus. This solution has the potential to be a valuable tool in entomology, healthcare, and tick-borne disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25165038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T15:44:21Z","timestamp":1755186261000},"page":"5038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Deep Learning Approach for Classifying Developmental Stages of Ixodes ricinus Ticks on Images Captured Using a Microscope\u2019s High-Resolution CMOS Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8692-2847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Marzec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation of Cardiac Surgery Development, Institute of Heart Prostheses, 345a Wolno\u015bci, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-6582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Filipowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliwia","family":"Humeniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2627-6174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Filipowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications and Teleinformatics, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7810-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Raif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, A., Mihalca, A.D., and Petney, T. 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