{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:01:24Z","timestamp":1790787684781,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To quantify real-time hand\u2013foot coupling in tennis and test whether the coupling pattern differs by playing standard. Methods: Fifteen nationally certified second-level male athletes and fifteen recreational beginners performed multi-directional swings, alternating forehand\u2013backhand groundstrokes and serve-and-volley sequences while tri-axial ankle acceleration and racket-grip force were synchronously recorded in wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs). Grip metrics (mean force, peak force, force duration) and acceleration magnitudes were analysed with MANOVA and Hedges\u2019 g effect sizes, followed by the Benjamini\u2013Hochberg correction (\u03b1 = 0.025). Results: Across tasks, athletes showed higher mean ankle acceleration (standardised mean difference, Hedges\u2019 g) but 45% lower mean grip force (Hedges\u2019 g = \u22121.28; both p &lt; 0.01). The association between acceleration and grip metrics was moderate-to-strong and negative in athletes (r = \u22120.62 with mean grip force; r = \u22120.69 with force duration), whereas beginners exhibited moderate-to-strong positive correlations (r = 0.48\u20130.73). Conclusion: We quantified hand\u2013foot coordination in tennis by synchronising tri-axial ankle acceleration with calibrated racket-grip force across three match-realistic tasks. Relative to beginners, athletes demonstrated an inverse coupling between ankle acceleration and grip-force metrics, whereas beginners showed a direct coupling, consistent with our purpose of quantifying coordination via synchronised wearable sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25165152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T15:29:29Z","timestamp":1755617369000},"page":"5152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring Difference in Hand\u2013Foot Coordination Ability Among Tennis Players of Different Sport Levels Based on the Correlation Between Lower-Limb Acceleration and Hand Grip Force"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education and Training, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghui","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education and Training, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8758-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kebao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Recreation and Community Sport, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Kinetics of the elite tennis forehand","volume":"2","author":"Bahamonde","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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