{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:16:49Z","timestamp":1789661809242,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","award":["#4950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#4950"]}]},{"name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200026"]}]},{"name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["#4950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#4950"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200026"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The advancement of laser-induced graphene (LIG) has significantly enhanced the development of wearable and flexible electronic devices. Due to its exceptional physical, chemical, and electronic properties, LIG has emerged as a highly effective active material for wearable sensors. However, despite the wide range of materials suitable as precursors for LIG, the scarcity of stretchable and biocompatible polymers amenable to laser graphenization has remained a persistent challenge. In this study, laser-induced graphene (LIG) was fabricated directly on biocompatible and flexible cross-linked PDMS\/PEG (with Mn (PEG) = 400 g\/mol) composites for the first time, enabling their application in wearable sensors. The addition of PEG compensates for the low carbon content in PDMS, enabling efficient laser graphenization. Laser parameters were systematically optimized to achieve high-quality graphene, and a comprehensive characterization with varying PEG content (10\u201340 wt.%) was conducted using multiple analytical techniques. Tensile tests revealed that incorporating PEG significantly enhanced elongation at break, reaching 237% for PDMS\/40 wt.% PEG while reducing Young\u2019s modulus to 0.25 MPa, highlighting the excellent flexibility of the substrate material. Surface analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy demonstrated the formation of high-quality few-layer graphene with the fewest defects in PDMS\/40 wt.% PEG composites. Nevertheless, the adhesion of electrical contacts to LIG that was directly induced on PDMS\/PEG proved to be challenging. To overcome this challenge, we produced devices by means of laser induction on polyimide and transfer to PDMS\/PEG. We demonstrate the practical utility of such devices by applying them to monitor limb motion in real time. The sensor showed a stable and repeatable piezoresistive response under multiple bending cycles. These results provide valuable insights into the fabrication of biocompatible LIG-based flexible sensors, paving the way for their broader implementation in medical and sports technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T15:57:47Z","timestamp":1755878267000},"page":"5238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Laser-Induced Graphene on Biocompatible PDMS\/PEG Composites for Limb Motion Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7465-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An\u0111ela","family":"Gavran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6078-2006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija V.","family":"Pergal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3460-6137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora","family":"Vi\u0107enti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8170-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Ra\u0161lji\u0107 Rafajilovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1000-9784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor A.","family":"Pa\u0161ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1428-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko V.","family":"Bo\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2173-0972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Spasenovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-022-00161-z","article-title":"A soft and stretchable electronics using laser-induced graphene on polyimide\/PDMS composite substrate","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Flex. 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