{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:52:33Z","timestamp":1792511553301,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Caixa Rural Tom\u00e1s Notario Vacas (2024 call)","award":["ED481_033\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481_033\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Xunta de Galicia","award":["ED481_033\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481_033\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the accelerometer-equipped collar RUMI to detect estrus in dairy cows, establish a recommendation for the optimal timing for artificial insemination (AI) when using this device, and characterize the blood flow of the dominant follicle (F) and the corpus luteum (CL) as ovulation approaches. Forty-seven cycling cows were monitored following synchronization with a modified G6G protocol, allowing for spontaneous ovulation. Ultrasound examinations were conducted every 12 h, starting 48 h after the second PGF2\u03b1 dose, to monitor uterine and ovarian changes. Blood samples were also collected to determine serum progesterone (P4) levels. Each cow was fitted with a RUMI collar, which continuously monitored behavioral changes to identify the onset, offset, and peak of activity of estrus. One-way ANOVA assessed the relationship between physiological parameters and time before ovulation. Results showed that the RUMI collar demonstrated high specificity (100%), sensitivity (90.90%), and accuracy (93.62%) for estrus detection. The optimal AI window was identified as between 11.4 and 15.5 h after heat onset. Increased blood flow to the F and reduced luteal activity were observed in the 48 h prior to ovulation. Further research is needed to assess the influence of this AI window on conception rates, and if it should be modified considering external factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:09:53Z","timestamp":1756080593000},"page":"5245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Estrus Detection and Optimal Insemination Timing in Holstein Cattle Using a Neck-Mounted Accelerometer Sensor System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4200-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacobo","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Carballo Calero s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2447-6415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00eda","family":"Acci\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Carballo Calero s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elio","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innogando, A Gra\u00f1a s\/n, Abad\u00edn, 27730 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlota","family":"Antelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innogando, A Gra\u00f1a s\/n, Abad\u00edn, 27730 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2124-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Barrionuevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Carballo Calero s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0386-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Becerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Carballo Calero s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo Campus, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Carballo Calero s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0326-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Garc\u00eda","family":"Herrad\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Carballo Calero s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo Campus, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0580-1216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis \u00c1ngel","family":"Quintela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Carballo Calero s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo Campus, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5869-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ux\u00eda","family":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. 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Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/17\/5245\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:32Z","timestamp":1760034872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/17\/5245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s25175245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25175245","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]}}}