{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:02:11Z","timestamp":1790640131041,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USA National Science Foundation","award":["NSF-SCH 21223749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-SCH 21223749"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread adoption of smartphones and smartwatches has enabled non-intrusive fall detection through built-in sensors and on-device computation. While these devices are widely used by older adults, existing systems still struggle to accurately detect soft falls in real-world settings. There is a notable drop in performance when fall-detection models trained offline on labeled accelerometer data are deployed and tested in real-world conditions using streaming, real-time data. To address this, our experimental study investigates whether incorporating additional sensor modalities, specifically gyroscope data with accelerometer data from wrist and hip locations, can help bridge this performance gap. Through systematic experimentation, we demonstrated that combining accelerometer data from the hip and the wrist yields a model capable of achieving an F1-score of 88% using a Transformer-based neural network in offline evaluation, which is an improvement of 8% over a model trained solely on wrist accelerometer data. However, when it is deployed in an uncontrolled home environment with streaming real-time data, this model produced a high number of false positives. To address this, we retrained the model using feedback data that comprised both false positives and true positives and was collected from ten participants during real-time testing. This refinement yielded an F1-sore of 92% and significantly reduced false positives while maintaining comparable accuracy in detecting true falls in real-world settings. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the improved model generalizes well to older adults\u2019 movement patterns, with minimal false-positive detections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:09:53Z","timestamp":1756080593000},"page":"5249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Enhancing Real-World Fall Detection Using Commodity Devices: A Systematic Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0599-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awatif","family":"Yasmin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1238-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Tousiful","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-7570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Alamgeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne H. H.","family":"Ngu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Ellul, J., and Azzopardi, G. (2020). Elderly fall-detection systems: A literature survey. Front. Robot. AI, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.00071"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahian, M.J.A., Raju, M.H., Tasnim, Z., Mahmud, M., Ahad, M.A.R., and Kaiser, M.S. (2021). Contactless fall detection for the elderly. Contactless Human Activity Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68590-4_8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, L., and Du, Y. (2025). Exploring Trends and Clusters in Human Posture Recognition Research: An Analysis Using CiteSpace. 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