{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T16:11:50Z","timestamp":1788019910271,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project of Universities in Shijiazhuang stationed in Hebei\u2013Major Science and Technology Project of Universities stationed in Hebei","award":["241130527A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241130527A"]}]},{"name":"Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project of Universities in Shijiazhuang stationed in Hebei\u2013Major Science and Technology Project of Universities stationed in Hebei","award":["ZQK202406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQK202406"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Business Fee Research Project of Shijiazhuang Tiedao University","award":["241130527A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241130527A"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Business Fee Research Project of Shijiazhuang Tiedao University","award":["ZQK202406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQK202406"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional rail transit train running gear fault diagnosis mainly depends on routine maintenance inspections and manual judgment. However, these approaches lack robustness under complex operational environments and elevated noise levels, rendering them inadequate for real-time performance and the rigorous accuracy standards demanded by modern rail transit systems. Furthermore, many existing deep learning\u2013based methods suffer from inherent limitations in feature extraction or incur prohibitive computational costs when processing multivariate time series data. This study represents one of the early efforts to introduce the TimesNet time series modeling framework into the domain of fault diagnosis for rail transit train running gear. By utilizing an innovative multi-period decomposition strategy and a mechanism for reshaping one-dimensional data into two-dimensional tensors, the framework enables advanced temporal-spatial representation of time series data. Algorithm validation is performed on both the high-speed train running gear bearing fault dataset and the multi-mode fault diagnosis datasets of gearbox under variable working conditions. The TimesNet model exhibits outstanding diagnostic performance on both datasets, achieving a diagnostic accuracy of 91.7% on the high-speed train bearing fault dataset. Embedded deployment experiments demonstrate that single-sample inference is completed within 70.3 \u00b1 5.8 ms, thereby satisfying the real-time monitoring requirement (&lt;100 ms) with a 100% success rate over 50 consecutive tests. The two-dimensional reshaping approach inherent to TimesNet markedly enhances the capacity of the model to capture intrinsic periodic structures within multivariate time series data, presenting a novel paradigm for the intelligent fault diagnosis of complex mechanical systems in train running gears. The integrated human\u2013machine interaction system includes a comprehensive closed-loop process encompassing detection, diagnosis, and decision-making, thereby laying a robust foundation for the continued development of train running gear predictive maintenance technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:09:53Z","timestamp":1756080593000},"page":"5269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intelligent Fault Diagnosis System for Running Gear of High-Speed Trains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengfeng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yikai","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanglei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwnicki, S., Spiryagin, M., Cole, C., and McSweeney, T. 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