{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:13:07Z","timestamp":1790619187521,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Ideological and Political Work Research Center for Universities","award":["BJSZ2024YB47"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJSZ2024YB47"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional culture plays a vital role in shaping national identity and emotional belonging, making it imperative to explore innovative strategies for its digital preservation and engagement. This study investigates how interaction design in cultural digital games influences users\u2019 emotional experiences and cultural understanding. Centering on the Chinese intangible cultural heritage puppet manipulation, we developed an interactive cultural game with three modes: gesture-based interaction via Leap Motion, keyboard control, and passive video viewing. A multimodal evaluation framework was employed, integrating subjective questionnaires with physiological indicators, including Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), infrared thermography (IRT), and electrodermal activity (EDA), to assess users\u2019 emotional responses, immersion, and perception of cultural content. Results demonstrated that gesture-based interaction, which aligns closely with the embodied cultural behavior of puppet manipulation, significantly enhanced users\u2019 emotional engagement and cultural comprehension compared to the other two modes. Moreover, fNIRS data revealed broader activation in brain regions associated with emotion regulation and cognitive control during gesture interaction. These findings underscore the importance of culturally congruent interaction design in enhancing user experience and emotional resonance in digital cultural applications. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the integration of cultural context into interaction strategies, offering valuable insights for the development of emotionally immersive systems for intangible cultural heritage preservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T06:08:37Z","timestamp":1756102117000},"page":"5273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Empirical Study on the Impact of Different Interaction Methods on User Emotional Experience in Cultural Digital Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5884-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art and Design, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3217-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art and Design, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art and Design, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art and Design, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art and Design, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Arts and Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art and Design, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art and Design, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3064644","article-title":"A Framework to Design, Develop, and Evaluate Immersive and Collaborative Serious Games in Cultural Heritage","volume":"11","author":"Andreoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theodoropoulos, A., and Antoniou, A. (2022). VR Games in Cultural Heritage: A Systematic Review of the Emerging Fields of Virtual Reality and Culture Games. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12178476"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, Y., and Xie, J. (2024). The Evolution of Digital Cultural Heritage Research: Identifying Key Trends, Hotspots, and Challenges through Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16167125"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DaCosta, B., and Kinsell, C. (2023). Serious Games in Cultural Heritage: A Review of Practices and Considerations in the Design of Location-Based Games. Educ. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13010047"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nacke, L.E. (2015). Games user research and physiological game evaluation. Human\u2013Computer Interaction Series, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15985-0_4"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Chen, X. (2019). Research on User Experience Evaluation and Quantitative Model of Virtual Exhibition Hall of Intangible Cultural Heritage. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Chongqing University]."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"132","article-title":"Research on User Experience Evaluation of Mobile Museum Based on APEC Model Framework","volume":"04","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shanxi Arch."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Chen, C. (2023). User Experience Evaluation Study of Red Culture Digital Museum. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Wuhan University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Z., Huang, A., and Wang, J. (2023). Memorable tourism experiences\u2019 formation mechanism in cultural creative tourism: From the perspective of embodied cognition. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15054055"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"2076","article-title":"Affective-Computing-Driven Personalized Display of Cultural Information for Commercial Heritage Architecture","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13845-5","article-title":"An automated approach to estimate player experience in game events from psychophysiological data","volume":"82","author":"Siqueira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1497149","article-title":"Twelve tips for conducting qualitative research interviews","volume":"41","author":"McGrath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fairclough, S., and Gilleade, K. (2014). The Drive to Explore: Physiological Computing in a Cultural Heritage Context. Advances in Physiological Computing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6392-3"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nacke, L. (2018). Introduction to Biometric Measures for Games User Research, Oxford University Press (OUP).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198794844.003.0016"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pergantis, P., Bamicha, V., Doulou, A., Christou, A.I., Bardis, N., Skianis, C., and Drigas, A. (2025). Assistive and Emerging Technologies to Detect and Reduce Neurophysiological Stress and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Autism and Sensory Processing Disorders: A Systematic Review. Technologies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies13040144"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2024.102944","article-title":"The influence of neuroticism personality trait on user interaction with game-based hand rehabilitation training","volume":"87","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muntean, R., Antle, A.N., Matkin, B., Hennessy, K., Rowley, S., and Wilson, J. (2017, January 6\u201311). Designing cultural values into interaction. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025908"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2232976","article-title":"Restoring dunhuang murals: Crafting cultural heritage preservation knowledge into immersive virtual reality experience design","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y. (2019, January 4\u20136). Application of User Experience Interaction Design Method in R&D Design of Cultural and Creative Products. Proceedings of the 2019 4th International Conference on Information Systems Engineering (ICISE), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICISE.2019.00016"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, R., Liu, X., Lei, T., and Chen, X. (2017). The impact of chinese traditional cultural on the gesture and user experience in mobile interaction design. Cross-Cultural Design, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference, CCD 2017, Held as Part of HCI International 2017, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 9\u201314 July 2017, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57931-3_5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J.Y., She, Y.Y., Lin, L., Chen, S.Z., Chen, J., Liu, H.H., Xu, X.M., Shen, Y.C., and Li, J.F. (2022, January 22\u201323). Out of theater: Interactive Mixed-reality Performance for Intangible Culture Heritage Glove Puppetry. Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium of Chinese CHI, Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3565698.3565782"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinaldi, A., and Brischetto, A. (2021). Interaction Design for Experience and Inclusion in cultural heritage. Advances in Industrial Design, Proceedings of the AHFE 2021 Virtual Conferences on Design for Inclusion, Affective and Pleasurable Design, Interdisciplinary Practice in Industrial Design, Kansei Engineering, and Human Factors for Apparel and Textile Engineering, Orlando, FL, USA, 25\u201329 July 2021, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80829-7_49"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3341882","article-title":"Supporting the cross-cultural appreciation of traditional Chinese puppetry through a digital gesture library","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"852","article-title":"A Study on Immersive Experience Characteristics Based on Embodied Cognition Focusing on Archaeological Site Museums in China in the Third Quarter of 2024","volume":"9","author":"Manqi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Des. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2014.19","article-title":"Visions for augmented cultural heritage experience","volume":"21","author":"Cucchiara","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Multimed."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Wang, Z., Shen, H., and Jiang, N. (2023). The impact of emotional experience on tourists\u2019 cultural identity and behavior in the cultural heritage tourism context: An empirical study on Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15118823"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Barrow, A.P. (2007). Assessing Emotional Evaluation: A Validation Study of the Reactions to Emotions Questionnaire. [Master\u2019s Thesis, The University of Texas at Austin]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, H.M., D\u00edaz, M., Catal\u00e0, A., Chen, W., and Rauterberg, M. (2014). Mood boards as a universal tool for investigating emotional experience. Design, User Experience, and Usability. User Experience Design Practice, Proceedings of the Third International Conference, DUXU 2014, Held as Part of HCI International 2014, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 22\u201327 June 2014, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07638-6_22"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liapis, A., Karousos, N., Katsanos, C., and Xenos, M. (2014). Evaluating user\u2019s emotional experience in HCI: The PhysiOBS approach. Human-Computer Interaction. Advanced Interaction Modalities and Techniques, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference, HCI International 2014, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 22\u201327 June 2014, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07230-2_72"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kushki, A., Drumm, E., Mobarak, M.P., Tanel, N., Dupuis, A., Chau, T., and Anagnostou, E. (2013). Investigating the Autonomic Nervous System Response to Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059730"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sparrow, L., Six, H., Varona, L., and Janin, O. (2021). Validation of affect-tag affective and cognitive indicators. Front. Neuroinform., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2021.535542"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.36","article-title":"Identifying Emotion through Implicit and Explicit Measures: Cultural Differences, Cognitive Load, and Immersion","volume":"3","author":"Lottridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xavier, R.A.C., and de Almeida Neris, V.P. (2013). Measuring Users\u2019 Emotions with a Component-Based Approach. Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference, ICEIS 2012, Wroclaw, Poland, 28 June\u20131 July 2012, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40654-6_24"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breaban, A., Van de Kuilen, G., and Noussair, C.N. (2016). Prudence, emotional state, personality, and cognitive ability. Front. Psychol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01688"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2007.00398.x","article-title":"Psychological and physiological evaluation of emotional effects of a perfume in menopausal women","volume":"29","author":"Abriat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhou, Z., and Xu, Y. (2023). Design Element Preferences in Public Facilities: An Eye Tracking Study. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12071411"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Pan, C.L. (2014). Design of a Virtual Quanzhou String Puppet Performance System Based on Gesture Interaction Technology. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Harbin Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"102","article-title":"A Brief Discussion on the Artistic Features of Quanzhou String Puppetry","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Yiyuan (Art Gard.)"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"2964","article-title":"Research on Virtual Reality String Puppet Animation Based on Electromyographic Signals","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Softw."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Z., Lim, C.K., Halim, S.A., Ahmed, M.F., Tan, K.L., and Li, L. (2025). Digital Sustainability of Heritage: Exploring Indicators Affecting the Effectiveness of Digital Dissemination of Intangible Cultural Heritage Through Qualitative Interviews. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17041593"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egusa, R., Sakai, T., Tamaki, H., Kusunoki, F., Namatame, M., Mizoguchi, H., and Inagaki, S. (2016, January 13\u201315). Designing a collaborative interaction experience for a puppet show system for hearing-impaired children. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, Linz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41267-2_60"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., and Dong, Z. (2018). Research on Application of Gesture Recognition Technology in Traditional Puppet Show. International Conference of Design, User Experience, and Usability, Proceedings of the DUXU 2018, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 15\u201320 July 2018, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91803-7_38"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonijoan, M., Soler, D., and Miralles, D. (2014, January 18\u201321). Avatoys: Hibrid system with real and digital puppets. Proceedings of the 2014 9th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISTI.2014.6877052"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.M., and Tseng, S.M. (2023). Design and assessment of an interactive role-play system for learning and sustaining traditional glove puppetry by digital technology. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13085206"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuan, N.K., Sivaji, A., and Ahmad, W.F.W. (2015). Usability heuristics for heuristic evaluation of gestural interaction in HCI. Design, User Experience, and Usability: Design Discourse, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, DUXU 2015, Held as Part of HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2\u20137 August 2015, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20886-2_14"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2024.103242","article-title":"Evaluating gesture user interfaces: Quantitative measures, qualitative scales, and method","volume":"185","author":"Sellier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5860","DOI":"10.2196\/games.5860","article-title":"Usability evaluation methods for gesture-based games: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Simor","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.04.051","article-title":"Optical mapping of prefrontal brain connectivity and activation during emotion anticipation","volume":"350","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010802","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.8.1.010802","article-title":"NIRS-KIT: A MATLAB toolbox for both resting-state and task fNIRS data analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.05.019","article-title":"Spatial registration of multichannel multi-subject fNIRS data to MNI space without MRI","volume":"27","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Zhu, C. (2022). fNIRS Data Analysis. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannou, S., Ebisch, S., Aureli, T., Bafunno, D., Ioannides, H.A., Cardone, D., Manini, B., Romani, G.L., Gallese, V., and Merla, A. (2013). The Autonomic Signature of Guilt in Children: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Study. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079440"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.115879","article-title":"Facial thermal imaging: A systematic review with guidelines and measurement uncertainty estimation","volume":"242","year":"2025","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bicks, L.K., Koike, H., Akbarian, S., and Morishita, H. (2015). Prefrontal cortex and social cognition in mouse and man. Front. Psychol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01805"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.011","article-title":"Detection of resting state functional connectivity using partial correlation analysis: A study using multi-distance and whole-head probe near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"142","author":"Sakakibara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11405","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3050210","article-title":"The effects of two game interaction modes on cortical activation in subjects of different ages: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"9","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2015.04.003","article-title":"The mental and subjective skin: Emotion, empathy, feelings and thermography","volume":"34","author":"Ramos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosonogov, V., De Zorzi, L., Honor\u00e9, J., Mart\u00ednez-Vel\u00e1zquez, E.S., Nandrino, J.-L., Martinez-Selva, J.M., Sequeira, H., and Urgesi, C. (2017). Facial thermal variations: A new marker of emotional arousal. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183592"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2017.01.002","article-title":"Human emotions detection based on a smart-thermal system of thermographic images","volume":"81","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/17\/5273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:35:27Z","timestamp":1760034927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/17\/5273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s25175273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25175273","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]}}}