{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:40:21Z","timestamp":1760060421837,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHE-2101010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE-2101010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Floyd D. and Elisabeth S. Gottwald Endowment","award":["CHE-2101010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE-2101010"]}]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry at the University of Richmond (Puryear\u2013Topham\u2013Gupton\u2013Pierce Funding","award":["CHE-2101010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE-2101010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Xylazine (XYL), an FDA-approved veterinary tranquilizer, is being abused both as an opioid adulterant in a street-drug known as \u201cTranq-dope\u201d and as a date rape drug. Given its now nearly ubiquitous use with fentanyl and fentanyl derivatives across the globe, XYL has become a primary target for researchers seeking to develop portable and cost-effective sensors for its detection. Electrochemical sensors based on the oxidation of XYL, while useful, have limitations due to certain interferents and inherent electrode fouling that render the approach less reliable, especially in certain sample matrices. In this work, modified electrode platforms incorporating layers of multi-walled carbon nanotubes for sensitivity along with semi-permeable polyurethane (PU) layers and host\u2013guest chemistry using \u03b2-cyclodextrin for selectivity are deployed for XYL detection using complementary adsorptive cathodic stripping analysis. The modified electrode sensors are optimized to minimize high potentials and maintain fouling resistant capabilities and investigated to better understand the function of the PU layer. The use of adsorptive cathodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry indirectly indicates the presence and concentration of XYL within complex sample media (beverages and synthetic urine). When used in this manner, the modified electrodes exhibited an overall average sensitivity of ~35 (\u00b19) nA\/\u03bcM toward XYL with a limit of quantification of &lt;10 ppm, while also offering adaptability for the analysis of XYL in different types of samples. By expanding the capability of these XYL sensors, this study represents another facet of tool development for use by medical professionals, first-responders, forensic investigators, and drug-users to limit exposure and help stem the dangerous and illegal use of XYL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T08:19:32Z","timestamp":1756282772000},"page":"5312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Analysis of Xylazine Within Fouling-Resistant and Nanomaterial-Enhanced Modified Electrode Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6525-9281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Leopold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0482-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles W.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joyce E.","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9818-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arielle","family":"Vinnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann H.","family":"Wemple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben H.","family":"Edelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0625-0","article-title":"The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. 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