{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:57:04Z","timestamp":1783612624197,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ship acoustic signal classification is essential for vessel identification, underwater navigation, and maritime security. Traditional methods struggle with the non-stationary nature and noise of ship acoustic signals, reducing classification accuracy. To address these challenges, we propose an automated pipeline that integrates Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), adaptive wavelet filtering, feature selection, and a Bayesian-optimized Random Forest classifier. The framework begins with EMD-based decomposition, where the most informative Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) are selected using Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) analysis. Wavelet filtering is applied to reduce noise, with optimal wavelet parameters determined via SNR and Stein\u2019s Unbiased Risk Estimate (SURE) criteria. Features extracted from statistical, frequency domain (FFT), and time\u2013frequency (wavelet) metrics are ranked, and the top 11 most important features are selected for classification. A Bayesian-optimized Random Forest classifier is trained using the extracted features, ensuring optimal hyperparameter selection and reducing computational complexity. The classification results are further enhanced using a majority voting strategy, improving the accuracy of the final object identification. The proposed approach demonstrates high accuracy, improved noise suppression, and robust classification performance. The methodology is scalable, computationally efficient, and suitable for real-time maritime applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T11:41:12Z","timestamp":1756381272000},"page":"5336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sensor-Oriented Framework for Underwater Acoustic Signal Classification Using EMD\u2013Wavelet Filtering and Bayesian-Optimized Random Forest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6797-1467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergii","family":"Babichev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kherson State University, 73008 Kherson, Ukraine"},{"name":"Department of Informatics, Jan Evangelista Purkyn\u011b University in \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632\/15, 400 96 \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3736-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Yarema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Economy and Business Analytics, Ivan Franko National University, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5972-7410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yevheniy","family":"Khomenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kherson State University, 73008 Kherson, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4311-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denys","family":"Senchyshen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kherson State University, 73008 Kherson, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1526-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohdan","family":"Durnyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Technologies in Publishing and Printing Processes, Printing Art and Media Technologies Institute, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.04.106","article-title":"Deep Learning Based Classification of Underwater Acoustic Signals","volume":"235","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. 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