{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T23:15:38Z","timestamp":1789082138989,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The assessment of physical quantity values, especially in case of sports-related activities, is critical to evaluate the performance and fitness level of athletes. In real-world applications, motion analysis tools are often employed to assess motor performance in subjects. In case the methods used to calculate a specific quantity of interest differ from each other, different values may be provided as output. Therefore, there is the need to get a coherent final measurement, giving the possibility to compare results homogeneously, combining the different methodologies used by the instruments. These tools vary in measurement capabilities and the physical principles underlying the measurement procedures. Emerging differences in results could lead to non-uniform evaluation metrics, thus making a fair comparison unpracticable. A possible solution to this problem is provided in this paper by implementing an iterative approach, working on two measurement time series acquired by two different instruments, specifically focused on jump height estimation. In the analyzed case study, two instruments estimate the jump height exploiting two different technologies: the inertial and the vision-based ones. In the first case, the measurement value depends on the movement of the center of gravity during jump activity, while, in the second case, the jump height is derived by estimating the maximum distance ground\u2013foot during the jump action. These approaches clearly could lead to different values, also considering the same jump test, due to their observation point. The developed methodology can provide three different ways out: (i) mapping the inertial values towards the vision-based reference system; (ii) mapping the vision-based values towards the inertial reference system; (iii) determining a comprehensive measurement, incorporating both contributions, thus making measurements comparable in time (performance progression) and space (comparison among subjects), eventually adopting only one of the analyzed instruments and applying the transformation algorithm to get the final measurement value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T12:25:57Z","timestamp":1756470357000},"page":"5354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Increasing Measurement Agreement Between Different Instruments in Sports Environments: A Jump Height Estimation Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0151-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Carissimo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \u201cVincenzo Tiberio\u201d, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4121-7739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"D\u2019Ermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human, Social and Health Sciences, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2964-7193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Rodio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human, Social and Health Sciences, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8921-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Provenzale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6843-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianni","family":"Cerro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \u201cVincenzo Tiberio\u201d, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2144-5765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Fattorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology \u201cVittorio Erspamer\u201d, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9064-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Di Libero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human, Social and Health Sciences, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107589","article-title":"Data analysis of physical recovery and injury prevention in sports teaching based on wearable devices","volume":"173","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00538-w","article-title":"Sports related concussion: An emerging era in digital sports technology","volume":"4","author":"Powell","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76996","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3290471","article-title":"Objective evaluation of coordinative abilities and training effectiveness in sports scenarios: An automated measurement protocol","volume":"11","author":"Carissimo","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002344","article-title":"Use of mobile applications to collect data in sport, health, and exercise science: A narrative review","volume":"33","author":"Peart","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Libero, T., Carissimo, C., Cerro, G., Abbatecola, A., Marino, A., Miele, G., Ferrigno, L., and Rodio, A. (2023, January 14\u201316). Motor abilities analysis using a standardized tapping test enhanced by a detailed processing stage: Gender and age comparison. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Jeju, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA57477.2023.10171922"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paar, R., Roi\u0107, M., Marendi\u0107, A., and Mileti\u0107, S. (2021). Technological development and application of photo and video theodolites. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11093893"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.9753","article-title":"Workload a-WEAR-ness: Monitoring workload in team sports with wearable technology. A scoping review","volume":"50","author":"Benson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, R.V., Batista, G.R., Mortatti, A.L., Dantas, P.M.S., and Cabral, B.G.d.A.T. (2020). Effects of six weeks of high-intensity functional training on physical performance in participants with different training volumes and frequencies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176058"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01635-2","article-title":"Reliability of field-based fitness tests in adults: A systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Ortega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Libero, T., Falese, L., Corrado, S., Tosti, B., Diotaiuti, P., and Rodio, A. (2024). Italian Canyoning Guides: Physiological Profile and Cardiometabolic Demand during Rope Activities. Sports, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12050129"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Libero, T., D\u2019Ermo, A., Tosti, B., Corrado, S., Diotaiuti, P., and Rodio, A. (2024). The 100-Days: Physical Exercise and Challenges to Assess, Maintain and Improve Physical Fitness During Lockdown. Sports, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12120337"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, F., Lewis, M., Lopes, H., and Fonseca, E.M. (2022). An evaluation of the accuracy and precision of jump height measurements using different technologies and analytical methods. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010511"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"8","article-title":"Validation of an inertial measurement unit to determine countermovement jump height","volume":"16","author":"Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Sport. Med. Arthrosc. Rehabil. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000353","article-title":"Force-time characteristics of the countermovement jump: Analyzing the curve in Excel","volume":"40","author":"Chavda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, C., Li, M., Li, X., Li, Z., Liu, T., Wang, L., Zhu, W., Chen, L., and Sun, Y. (2024). The Validity of a Dual-Force Plate for Assessing Counter-Movement Jump Performance. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175748"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02071-8","article-title":"Assessment of Strength and Power Capacities in Elite Male Soccer: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols Used in Practice and Research","volume":"54","author":"Asimakidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrigna, L., Karsten, B., Marcolin, G., Paoli, A., D\u2019Antona, G., Palma, A., and Bianco, A. (2019). A review of countermovement and squat jump testing methods in the context of public health examination in adolescence: Reliability and feasibility of current testing procedures. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01384"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruf, L., Altmann, S., M\u00fcller, K., Rehborn, A., Schindler, F., Woll, A., and H\u00e4rtel, S. (2024). Concurrent validity of countermovement and squat jump height assessed with a contact mat and force platform in professional soccer players. Front. Sport. Act. Living, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1437230"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"65","article-title":"Clinical implications of Squat Jump and Countermovement Jump among young females of United Arab Emirates: Comparative Biomechanical Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Salama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Sport Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004384","article-title":"Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: A brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations","volume":"37","author":"Bishop","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gen\u00e7o\u011flu, C., Ulup\u0131nar, S., \u00d6zbay, S., Turan, M., Sava\u015f, B.\u00c7., Asan, S., and \u0130nce, \u0130. (2023). Validity and reliability of \u201cMy Jump app\u201d to assess vertical jump performance: A meta-analytic review. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46935-x"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"465","article-title":"Differences in training load, jump performance and injury occurrence in elite youth volleyball players","volume":"64","author":"Bouzigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sport. Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004811","article-title":"A new training load quantification method at supramaximal intensity and its application in injuries among members of an international volleyball team","volume":"38","author":"Bouzigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Dalleck, L.C., and Tischendorf, J.S. Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (ACSM). Encyclopedia of Lifestyle Medicine & Health, Sage."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31816602d4","article-title":"Increasing compliance to instructions in the squat jump","volume":"22","author":"Sheppard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"115","article-title":"Comparative Study on the Use of a Portable Alternative Method for Measuring High Jump in Men\u2019s Volleyball Game","volume":"65","author":"Stupar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stud. Univ. Babe\u015f-Bolyai Educ. Artis Gymnast."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002790","article-title":"Novel technologies found to be valid and reliable for the measurement of vertical jump height with jump-and-reach testing","volume":"32","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.996184","article-title":"The validity and reliability of an iPhone app for measuring vertical jump performance","volume":"33","author":"Glaister","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00196.2022","article-title":"Hoping for the best, prepared for the worst: Can we perform remote data collection in sport sciences?","volume":"133","author":"Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Libero, T., Falese, L., D\u2019Ermo, A., Tosti, B., Corrado, S., Iannaccone, A., Diotaiuti, P., and Rodio, A. (2024). Physiological Profile Assessment and Self-Measurement of Healthy Students through Remote Protocol during COVID-19 Lockdown. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9030170"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5114\/hm.2023.111548","article-title":"Validity and reliability of inertial measurement units for jump height estimations: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Clemente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Mov."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Rajab, I., Klotzbier, T.J., Korbus, H., and Schott, N. (2025). Camera-based mobile applications for movement screening in healthy adults: A systematic review. Front. Sport. Act. Living, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1531050"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Libero, T., Carissimo, C., Zagaglia, A., Cerro, G., Ferrigno, L., and Rodio, A. (2022, January 6\u20138). Assessment of coordinative abilities through upper extremity wearable device technology. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Workshop on Sport, Technology and Research (STAR), Cavalese, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/STAR53492.2022.9859646"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199904000-00013","article-title":"Cross-validation of three jump power equations","volume":"31","author":"Sayers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, A., Pires, P., Santana, L., Marques, P., Espada, M., Santos, F., Silva, E., Rebelo, A., and Teixeira, D.S. (2024). Concurrent Validity and Reliability of a Free Smartphone Application for Evaluation of Jump Height. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9030155"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/17\/5354\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:35:12Z","timestamp":1760034912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/17\/5354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s25175354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25175354","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}}}