{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:42:20Z","timestamp":1788669740000,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"MITACS Accelerate Internship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT40285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT40285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"MITACS Accelerate Internship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["##388630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["##388630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"MITACS Accelerate Internship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2025-05398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2025-05398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Football League Play Smart Play Safe Program (SHRed Concussions PI Emery) and Canadian Institutes of Health Research Foundation","award":["IT40285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT40285"]}]},{"name":"National Football League Play Smart Play Safe Program (SHRed Concussions PI Emery) and Canadian Institutes of Health Research Foundation","award":["##388630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["##388630"]}]},{"name":"National Football League Play Smart Play Safe Program (SHRed Concussions PI Emery) and Canadian Institutes of Health Research Foundation","award":["RGPIN-2025-05398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2025-05398"]}]},{"name":"HBI Accelerating Research in Concussion Award","award":["IT40285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT40285"]}]},{"name":"HBI Accelerating Research in Concussion Award","award":["##388630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["##388630"]}]},{"name":"HBI Accelerating Research in Concussion Award","award":["RGPIN-2025-05398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2025-05398"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Downhill mountain biking (MTB) is a high-velocity sport where riders are potentially exposed to impacts and concussion. Rapidly obtained Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) are a promising use of portable electroencephalography for clinical assessment of concussion-related neurological impairment at the point of care. However, the baseline neuroelectric profile of this specific sporting population is not fully understood. This study investigated the amplitude and latency of the N100, P300 and N400 ERPs at baseline among MTB athletes by age, sex and caffeine consumption. Methods: MTB athletes, aged 13\u201345, competing in the 2024 Whistler Crankworx MTB competition were recruited for this cross-sectional analysis. Self-reported sex, age and caffeine consumption were captured and pre-event baseline neurological evaluations of the N100, P300 and N400 ERPs (n = 92) were completed using a portable electroencephalograph (NeuroCatch). Results: Females had a 1.12 \u00b5V higher N100 amplitude (95%CI; 0.15, 2.08, p = 0.024) and 2.11 \u00b5V higher P300 amplitude (95%CI; 0.69, 3.52, p = 0.004) than males. Further, the N400 amplitude was 0.05 \u00b5V lower per year that age increases (95%CI; \u22120.08, \u22120.01, p = 0.011). Greater than normal caffeine consumption was associated with a 1.39 \u00b5V lower (95%CI; \u22122.68, \u22120.09, p = 0.036) and 18.96 ms (\u221228.29, \u22129.64, p &lt; 0.001) faster N100 response. Conclusions: Age, sex and caffeine consumption must be considered to inform the clinical implement of ERPs for monitoring concussion in extreme sport athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T12:04:28Z","timestamp":1756814668000},"page":"5388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neurophysiology of Downhill Mountain Bike Athletes\u2014Benchmark Assessments of Event-Related Potentials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5397-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew G.","family":"Neill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6557-2913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth K. S.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ember","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5427-219X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC V6H 4C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1054-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Smirl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn A.","family":"Emery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/11745398.2010.9686847","article-title":"\u2018Extending the Dream Machine\u2019: Understanding people\u2019s participation in mountain biking","volume":"13","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. 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