{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:43:45Z","timestamp":1789181025348,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer in nature after cellulose, has attracted attention for its compatibility with carbon-based materials. In this study, lignin-modified single-use pencil graphite electrodes (PGE\/LG) were developed for the electrochemical detection of fish sperm DNA (fsDNA), the anticancer drug Mitomycin C (MC), and their interaction. The modified electrodes were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in ferri\/ferrocyanide redox probe solution was employed for signal monitoring. The detection limits were calculated as 2.95 ng\/mL for fsDNA between 101 and 105 ng\/mL and 0.22 pg\/mL for MC between 1 and 106 pg\/mL. Furthermore, the interaction of DNA with MC was evaluated by DPV and EIS techniques. The cross-linking between MC and the guanine bases of DNA inhibited electron transfer, resulting in a decrease in current response and an increase in charge transfer resistance. These results demonstrate the potential of the PGE\/LG platform as a cost-effective, sensitive, and rapid biosensor for DNA detection, anticancer drug analysis, and drug\u2013DNA interaction studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T12:04:28Z","timestamp":1756814668000},"page":"5427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lignin-Modified Single-Use Graphite Electrodes: Electrochemical Detection of DNA, Mitomycin C, and Their Interaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4091-5224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayla","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0306-2181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meltem","family":"Maral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3268-8319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huseyin","family":"Senturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4375-8386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arzum","family":"Erdem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"How Far Is Lignin from Being a Biomedical Material?","volume":"8","author":"Sugiarto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. 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