{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:56:37Z","timestamp":1792029397248,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016152","name":"Yayasan Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (YUTP-PRG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["015PBC-037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015PBC-037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016152","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oil refineries depend greatly on the estimation of crude oil properties in order to understand the oil\u2019s behaviour and the product fractions expected from the refining process. In yield estimation, the crude oil source and variant can cause variability in prediction and lead to the need for repeatable analysis. The necessity for fast, accurate, and high-generalization yield estimation initiates the framework of this review. This paper aims to comprehensively review the available techniques for estimating the yield of petroleum products in the petroleum refining industry. The review provides a brief overview of petroleum refining processes and high-value products, followed by a description of the traditional method, which utilizes laboratory analysis to offer detailed findings, but requires a tedious methodology. The improvement of yield estimation leads to process simulation, modelling, and machine learning, enabling a fast response and better prediction with higher accuracy. Thorough case studies related to simulation software, models, and algorithms are presented to discover the process and model development, applications, advantages, and drawbacks. Enhancing petroleum product yield estimation provides reliable techniques for oil refiners that enable them to achieve optimized production aligned with sustainability and modernization goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T15:31:21Z","timestamp":1756999881000},"page":"5511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Crude Oil Yield Estimation: Recent Advances and Technological Progress in the Oil Refining Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7672-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan Nazihah Liyana","family":"Wan Jusoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madiah Binti","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Sami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7333-7438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kishore","family":"Bingi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosdiazli","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2022.07.002","article-title":"The role of crude oil selection in enhancing the profitability of a local refinery with lube hydro-processing capacity","volume":"185","author":"Alsayoof","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. 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