{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T11:52:17Z","timestamp":1784202737092,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.","award":["AWD: 022743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD: 022743"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatiotemporal running metrics such as cadence, stride length (SL), and ground contact time (GCT) are important for assessing performance and injury risk. However, such metrics are traditionally assessed using laboratory-based tools that are often inaccessible in applied settings. Wearable devices including smartwatches and lace-mounted inertial measurement units (IMUs) offer promising alternatives, yet cross-device agreement in reporting spatiotemporal variables remains unclear. This study evaluated agreement between a commercial smartwatch and lace-mounted IMUs across varied distances and environments in 65 physically active adults (33 female\/32 male, height: 171.0 \u00b1 8.9 cm; weight: 70.9 \u00b1 15.2 kg). Participants completed indoor and outdoor runs (2.5 km, 5 km, 10 km, 20 km) wearing both devices simultaneously. Average cadence demonstrated acceptable agreement (MAPE = 4.1%, CCC = 0.66) and supported equivalence, particularly among males, during outdoor conditions, and longer run distances. In contrast, peak cadence showed weak correlation (MAPE = 5.3%, CCC = 0.29), and SL and GCT demonstrated poor agreement (MAPE = 14.9\u201319.0%, CCC = 0.30\u20130.39) across all conditions. While average cadence may serve as a metric for cross-device comparisons, especially for males, and longer-distance outdoor runs, other spatiotemporal metrics demonstrated poor agreement, limiting interchangeability. Understanding device-specific capabilities is essential when interpreting wearable-derived gait data. Further validation using gold-standard tools is needed to support accurate and applied use of wearable technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T08:22:34Z","timestamp":1757406154000},"page":"5553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Limited Interchangeability of Smartwatches and Lace-Mounted IMUs for Running Gait Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Theodor","family":"Meingast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryson","family":"Carrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Melvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"Kozloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5702-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra F.","family":"DeJong Lempke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7710-3150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam S.","family":"Lepley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeJong Lempke, A.F., Audet, A.P., Wasserman, M.G., Melvin, A.C., Soldes, K., Heithoff, E., Shah, S., Kozloff, K.M., and Lepley, A.S. 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