{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:04:35Z","timestamp":1785409475115,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF IIS-1955979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF IIS-1955979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detecting physical fatigue can help prevent overexertion. While typically defined at the muscle level, systemic fatigue remains less clear. Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects autonomic adaptability to physical stressors and may provide insight into fatigue-related responses. This study investigated the impact of physical fatigue on HRV and its correlation with endurance performance. Twenty participants (9 F, 11 M; 23.4 \u00b1 5.0 y) walked on the treadmill at 1.25 m\/s with progressively increased incline. HRV metrics were derived from baseline standing (STAND), pre-fatigued (PRE) and post-fatigued walking (POST). Time-domain HRV measures (lnTRI and lnTINN) were significantly reduced at POST compared to PRE or STAND (p &lt; 0.05). Non-linear measures (DFA-\u03b11, lnApEn, and lnSampEn) decreased at POST, while lnPoincar\u00e9 SD2\/SD1 increased. Normalized frequency-domain measures showed no condition effects. Baseline non-linear measures (lnApEn, lnSampEn, lnPoincar\u00e9 SD2\/SD1), normalized frequency measures and Total Power were significantly correlated with total fatiguing duration. Significant reductions in HRV and irregularity were observed post-fatigue. Greater baseline variability, irregularity, and high-frequency band power, reflecting parasympathetic activity, were associated with better endurance performance. Time-domain and non-linear measures were more sensitive to fatigue, whereas frequency-domain measures remain useful for identifying associations with endurance. The findings highlight HRV features that could enhance wearable sensing for fatigue and performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T11:51:12Z","timestamp":1757332272000},"page":"5572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Induced Physical Fatigue on Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8603-3898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-Chun","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"},{"name":"New England Robotics Validation and Experimentation (NERVE) Center, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01852, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7457-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Cornell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"},{"name":"Health Assessment Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.4.1725","article-title":"Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue","volume":"81","author":"Gandevia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. 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