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A human-centered methodology was adopted, combining adapted self-report questionnaires, high-frequency eye-tracking data collected with Tobii Pro Glasses 3, and lux-level measurements. Key eye-movement metrics\u2014including fixation duration, visit patterns, and pupil diameter\u2014were analyzed within defined work zones (Areas of Interest). To reduce data complexity and uncover latent patterns of visual behavior, Principal Component Analysis was applied. Results revealed a progressive increase in visual fatigue across the workweek and throughout shifts, particularly during night work, and showed a strong association with inadequate lighting. Tasks involving high physical workload under poor illumination emerged as critical risk scenarios. This integrated approach not only confirmed the presence of visual fatigue but also identified high-risk conditions in the workflow, enabling targeted ergonomic interventions. The findings provide a practical framework for improving operator well-being and inspection performance through sensor-based monitoring and environment-specific design enhancements, in alignment with the goals of Industry 5.0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25185702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T13:43:02Z","timestamp":1757684582000},"page":"5702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Monitoring Visual Fatigue with Eye Tracking in a Pharmaceutical Packing Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1173-7329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Albarr\u00e1n Morillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0896-8134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John F.","family":"Su\u00e1rez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5247-7634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micaela","family":"Demichela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9116-7161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica Andrea","family":"Camargo Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Industrial, Universidad de Am\u00e9rica, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3669-5454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasli Yuceti","family":"Miranda Arandia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Industrial, Universidad de Am\u00e9rica, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200311000-00008","article-title":"Is all asthenopia the same?","volume":"80","author":"Sheedy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom. 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