{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:08:27Z","timestamp":1790644107707,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cure for Cancer foundation","award":["ESTAR21207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESTAR21207"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A technique that enables real-time diagnosis of bladder cancer is needed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising technique, but a forward-looking OCT catheter is necessary for OCT to enable bladder cancer diagnosis. This study aims to describe the design of a novel forward-looking microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based OCT catheter, assess the performance characteristics, and evaluate its ability to identify histopathological characteristics of bladder specimens. A description of the OCT catheter and systems used is provided. Performance characteristics were measured with a beam profiler and microscopy slide (mirror for dispersion and thickness for lateral calibration). Ex vivo measurements were performed on resected bladder tissue from patients undergoing a radical cystectomy. A forward-looking OCT probe with an outer diameter of 2.52 mm and a rigid length of 17 mm was designed and evaluated. The focus position was measured as 10.9 mm from the MEMS mirror, with a Rayleigh length of 2.55 mm. Several histopathological features could be correlated to OCT features of the ex vivo measurements. In conclusion, a forward-looking OCT probe that can be inserted in the working channel of a rigid cystoscope was designed and evaluated. Performance characteristics were overall in line with simulated expectations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25185794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T13:03:02Z","timestamp":1758114182000},"page":"5794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ex Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis of Resected Human Bladder with a Forward-Looking Microelectromechanical Systems Mirror-Based Catheter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3118-5373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marinka J.","family":"Remmelink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2845-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul R.","family":"Bloemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"van der Voorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Attendu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3433-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard M.","family":"van den Elzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakko A.","family":"Nieuwenhuijzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6079-5613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorg R.","family":"Oddens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5642-1133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ton G.","family":"van Leeuwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3047-3637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel M.","family":"de Bruin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ferlay, J., Ervik, M., Lam, F., Laversanne, M., Colombet, M., Mery, L., Pi\u00f1eros, M., Znaor, A., Soerjomataram, I., and Bray, F. 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