{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:09:28Z","timestamp":1788520168343,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Military Medical Service Department of Ministry of National Defense","award":["132\/2019\/DA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["132\/2019\/DA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies Bacillus anthracis as one of the most dangerous pathogens that may affect public health and national security. Due to its importance as a potential biological weapon, this bacteria has been classified in the highest category A, together with such pathogens as variola virus or botulinum neurotoxin. Characteristic features of this pathogen that increase its military importance are the ease of its cultivation, transport, and storage and its ability to create survival forms that are extremely resistant to environmental conditions. However, beyond bioterrorism, B. anthracis is also a naturally occurring pathogen. Anthrax outbreaks occur in livestock and wildlife, particularly in spore-contaminated regions of Africa, Asia, and North America. Spores persist for decades, leading to recurrent infections and zoonotic transmission through direct contact, inhalation, or consumption of contaminated meat. This work presents a new electrochemical method for detecting and quantifying B. anthracis in spore form using a selective immune reaction. The developed method is based on the thiol-modified electrodes that constitute the sensing element of the electrochemical system. Tests with the B. anthracis spore suspension showed that the detection limit for this pathogen is as low as 103 CFU\/mL. Furthermore, it was possible to quantify the analyte with a sensitivity of 11 mV\/log (CFU\/mL). Due to several features, such as low unit cost, portability, and minimal apparatus demands, this method can be easily implemented in field analyzers for this pathogen and provides an alternative to currently used techniques and devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25195948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T08:19:45Z","timestamp":1758701985000},"page":"5948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electrochemical Immunodetection of Bacillus anthracis Spores"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9433-8245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Morawska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dosimetry and Contamination Detection Systems, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Al. Gen. Antoniego Chru\u015bciela \u201cMontera\u201d 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0770-1267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dosimetry and Contamination Detection Systems, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Al. Gen. Antoniego Chru\u015bciela \u201cMontera\u201d 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5184-3687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Nakonieczna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8927-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Ty\u015bkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Laboratory, \u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Al. Tysi\u0105clecia Pa\u0144stwa Polskiego 13A, 24-110 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6527-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Wi\u015bnik-Sawka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dosimetry and Contamination Detection Systems, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Al. Gen. Antoniego Chru\u015bciela \u201cMontera\u201d 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8483-8841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Osuchowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00\u2013908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4715-6486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Osuchowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00\u2013908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4997-2364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Grabka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. 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