{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T22:39:34Z","timestamp":1787611174461,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To predict the punching force in Wushu Sanda following neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) using the KAN neural network combined with neuromuscular electricity. Methods: Thirty healthy Wushu Sanda athletes underwent a randomized repeated-measures design with three conditions: upper-limb NMES, lower-limb NMES, and Sham stimulation. Surface electromyography (sEMG) signals and punching force parameters were collected. A KAN neural network model was designed to integrate sEMG features and predict punching force. Model performance was evaluated using RMSE, MAE, and R2 metrics. Results: NMES significantly enhanced punching force metrics (all p &lt; 0.05). lower-limb NMES showed superior improvements in relative peak force (28.2 \u00b1 3.2 N\u00b7kg\u22121), impulse (16.6 \u00b1 2.3 N s), and early explosive force (754 \u00b1 94 N) compared to Sham and upper-limb NMES. The KAN model demonstrated robust predictive performance, particularly under lower-limb NMES conditions, with R2 values of 0.59 for relative peak force and 0.58 for impulse. Conclusions: NMES, especially lower-limb stimulation, effectively boosts punching force. The KAN neural network provides a promising and innovative approach for predicting punching force in Wushu Sanda, providing a foundation for future optimization of real-time monitoring tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25195979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T12:33:03Z","timestamp":1758889983000},"page":"5979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predicting the Punching Force in Wushu Sanda After Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation by Employing the KAN Neural Network Combined with Neuromuscular Electricity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Guixian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Wushu Academy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Wushu Academy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2022.103333","article-title":"Effectiveness of physical exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation interventions for preventing and treating intensive care unit-acquired weakness: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"74","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Crit. 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