{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:41:38Z","timestamp":1759365698894,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the John Nichol Chair in Parkinson\u2019s Research and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is characterized by motor symptoms, with key diagnostic features, such as rigidity, traditionally assessed through subjective clinical scales. This study proposes a novel hybrid framework integrating model-driven biomechanical features (damping ratio, decay rate) and data-driven statistical features (maximum detail coefficient) from wearable sensor data during a modified pendulum test to quantify shoulder girdle rigidity objectively. Using weak supervision, these features were unified to generate robust labels from limited data, achieving a 10% improvement in PD\/healthy control classification accuracy (0.71 vs. 0.64) over data-driven methods and matching model-driven performance (0.70). The damping ratio and decay rate, aligning with Wartenberg pendulum test metrics like relaxation index, revealed velocity-dependent aspects of rigidity, challenging its clinical characterization as velocity-independent. Outputs correlated strongly with UPDRS rigidity scores (r = 0.78, p &lt; 0.001), validating their clinical utility as novel biomechanical biomarkers. This framework enhances interpretability and scalability, enabling remote, objective rigidity assessment for early diagnosis and telemedicine, advancing PD management through innovative sensor-based neurotechnology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25196019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T09:37:21Z","timestamp":1759311441000},"page":"6019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated Shoulder Girdle Rigidity Assessment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease via an Integrated Model- and Data-Driven Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Khosrobeygi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Abouhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6619, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ailar","family":"Mahdizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ashoori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Parkinson\u2019s Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Niksirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5411-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam S.","family":"Mirian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Parkinson\u2019s Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4048-0817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin J.","family":"McKeown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Parkinson\u2019s Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S3","article-title":"The Emerging Evidence of the Parkinson Pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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