{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:31:53Z","timestamp":1791916313589,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purity analysis of parent gases used to produce reference gas mixtures is fundamental to assure the metrological traceability of the certified gas composition, and the use of purity data in the calculation of the mixture composition should be performed in accordance with the requirements of international standards. Purity analysis can be difficult to realize since limited measurement standards are available for the determination of trace levels of gaseous compounds. The first step of purity analysis is the definition of the impurities considered critical or significant to the final composition of a mixture. In this work, we present the activity carried out for the identification and quantification of impurities of carbon dioxide and water in some ultrapure gases used for the preparation of primary certified reference gas mixtures of carbon dioxide at atmospheric amount fraction (400\u2013800 \u00b5mol\u00b7mol\u22121), by means of different spectroscopic techniques (Fourier Transform IR, Non-Dispersive IR and Cavity Ring-Down). Dynamic dilution was used for the generation of reference mixtures for the calibration of the analyzers by using calibrated Mass Flow Controllers. The certified reference gas mixtures produced with the tested pure gases will also be applied to characterization studies and calibration protocols for gas sensors used both for outdoor and indoor monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25196068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T09:38:08Z","timestamp":1759397888000},"page":"6068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preliminary Study on the Purity Analysis of Primary Certified Gas Mixtures Using Different Spectroscopic Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0315-3315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Rolle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4781-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Durbiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Pavarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2373-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1890-7458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Festevole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-5608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Giorgio","family":"Spazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1328-3858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Romana","family":"Pennecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-0301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Sega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019). 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