{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:56:35Z","timestamp":1791046595359,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration"},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et Culture","award":["2023-B2Z-321482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-B2Z-321482"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ability to walk is essential in daily life, making walking outcomes key measures in clinical practice. This study aims to develop and validate two novel stride length model-based approaches for total distance estimation using a smart insole. Eight participants wore a pair of smart insoles. For a period of six minutes, each participant walked back and forth on a predefined 20 m pathway, and the numbers of round trips and strides taken were counted. Two stride length estimation approaches based on the director coefficients of acceleration data (Approach 1) and dynamic time warping (Approach 2) using smart insoles were used. The median accuracies of the total distance using Approach 1 are 98.92% [1.24%] (ICC = 0.992) and 98.69% [2.44%] (ICC = 0.994) for the right and left sides, respectively. For Approach 2, the average accuracies are 98.95% [0.18%] (ICC = 0.996) for the right side and 99.03% [0.14%] (ICC = 0.991) for the left side. The Mann\u2013Whitney U test shows no statistically significant difference between the actual distance and smart insole for the total distance covered. Furthermore, there is no statistically significant difference between Approach 1 and Approach 2 for stride length. Although the sample size was small, the estimated total distance using the novel model-based algorithms appears to be accurate in comparison to the actual total distance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25196217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:48:30Z","timestamp":1759852110000},"page":"6217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Validation of Novel Stride Length Model-Based Approaches to Estimate Distance Covered Based on Acceleration and Pressure Data During Walking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0024-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armelle-Myriane","family":"Ngueleu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 Universitaire de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 525 Blvd. Wilfrid-Hamel, Quebec City, QC G1M 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8763-0536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin J.-D.","family":"Otis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Automation and interactive Robotic Laboratory (AIRL), Department of Applied Science, Universit\u00e9 de Quebec \u00e0 Chicoutimi, 555 Blvd. of University, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1069-8556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles Sebiyo","family":"Batcho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 Universitaire de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 525 Blvd. Wilfrid-Hamel, Quebec City, QC G1M 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199107183250302","article-title":"Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"325","author":"Helmrich","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. 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