{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:20:53Z","timestamp":1785424853340,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid within the framework of the Multiannual Agreement with Universidad UNIE de Madrid"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) support safety-critical and traffic-optimization applications through low-latency, reliable V2X communication. However, securing integrity and auditability with blockchain is challenging because conventional BFT-style consensus incurs high message overhead and latency. We introduce CoCoChain, a concept-aware consensus mechanism tailored to VANETs. Instead of exchanging full payloads, CoCoChain trains a sparse autoencoder (SAE) offline on raw message payloads and encodes each message into a low-dimensional concept vector; only the top-k activations are broadcast during consensus. These compact semantic digests are integrated into a practical BFT workflow with per-phase semantic checks using a cosine-similarity threshold \u03b8=0.85 (calibrated on validation data to balance detection and false positives). We evaluate CoCoChain in OMNeT++\/SUMO across urban, highway, and multi-hop broadcast under congestion scenarios, measuring latency, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and Age of Information (AoI), and including adversaries that inject semantically corrupted concepts as well as cross-layer stress (RF jamming and timing jitter). Results show CoCoChain reduces consensus message overhead by up to 25% and confirmation latency by 20% while maintaining integrity with up to 20% Byzantine participants and improving information freshness (AoI) under high channel load. This work focuses on OBU\/RSU semantic-aware consensus (not 6G joint sensing or multi-base-station fusion). The code, configs, and an anonymized synthetic replica of the dataset will be released upon acceptance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25196226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T12:04:52Z","timestamp":1759925092000},"page":"6226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["CoCoChain: A Concept-Aware Consensus Protocol for Secure Sensor Data Exchange in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2857-5693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Science, and Technology, UNIE Universidad, Calle Arapiles, 14, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9234-5764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Nicolas-Sans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Science, and Technology, UNIE Universidad, Calle Arapiles, 14, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8851-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Fern\u00e1ndez","family":"Tamames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Science, and Technology, UNIE Universidad, Calle Arapiles, 14, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartenstein, H., and Laberteaux, K. 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