{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:08:45Z","timestamp":1787029725337,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3305801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3305801"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the characteristics of load changes in the hip, knee, and ankle joints of the dominant and non-dominant lower limbs of young male runners after long-distance running. Using the OpenSim public dataset (containing bilateral biomechanical data before and after long-distance running from 20 young male runners), personalized musculoskeletal models were established. Contact forces in three directions at lower limb joints during the running stance phase were calculated. Statistical analysis employed one-dimensional statistical parameter mapping (SPM1d) and two-factor repeated measures ANOVA (time \u00d7 side). Results revealed significant time \u00d7 side interaction effects (p &lt; 0.05) for contact forces in the medial\u2013lateral direction at the hip, the anterior\u2013posterior direction at the knee, and all three directions at the ankle. Simple effects analysis showed that post-run medial\u2013lateral hip forces significantly increased during the push-off phase, while anterior\u2013posterior ankle forces significantly increased during the mid-to-late stance phase on both sides (d = 0.718\u20131.002). For the superior\u2013inferior direction at the hip and knee, only main effects of time or side were present. Post-run joint contact forces significantly increased, with the dominant side consistently exceeding the non-dominant side across multiple stance and push-off phases (d = 0.58\u20131.6), indicating stable side-to-side differences. These findings indicate that long-distance running not only increases multi-joint loading in the lower limbs but also exacerbates asymmetry between the dominant and non-dominant sides during the initial stance and push-off phases. This redistribution of load, coupled with bilateral control imbalance, may further elevate the risk of injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25206301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T08:34:26Z","timestamp":1760517266000},"page":"6301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characteristics of Lower Limb Dominant and Nondominant Joint Load Changes After Long-Distance Running in Young Male Runners Under OpenSim Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0226-0818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaocan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00692-x","article-title":"Health Benefits of Different Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal and Intervention Studies Including 2.6 Million Adult Participants","volume":"10","author":"Oja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med. 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