{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T05:10:52Z","timestamp":1760677852432,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insights into motor cortex remodeling may enable the development of more effective rehabilitation strategies during the acute phase. We aim to assess the affected and unaffected motor\/premotor\/somatosensory cortex resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) and reactivity with continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy (cw-fNIRS) in patients with ICH compared to age, sex, and comorbidity-matched subjects. We enrolled patients with acute\u2013subacute hemispheric ICH (n = 37; two were excluded due to artifacts) and grouped them according to the side (right and left) of the stroke. Matched participants or patients with recent transient ischemic attack were enrolled as control subjects for the study (n = 44; five were excluded due to artifacts). RSFC was assessed in both affected and unaffected hemispheres by group-level seed-based (primary motor cortex, priMC) correlation analysis. FT-associated relative oxyhemoglobin (\u0394HbO) changes were analyzed in affected and unaffected hemispheres with generalized linear model regression. In left hemispheric ICH, the resting state coherence between the affected priMC and the affected premotor cortex (preMC) increased (\u03b2 = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.19, 1.47, p = 0.01). In contrast, in right hemispheric ICH, the coherence between the unaffected priMC and the affected preMC decreased (\u03b2 = \u22120.6, 95% CI = \u22121.12, \u22120.09, p = 0.02). In the left hemispheric ICH, the left-hand FT was associated with increased \u0394HbO over the affected preMC (\u03b2 = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.003, 0.02, p = 0.01). In contrast, in right hemispheric ICH, the left-hand FT was associated with increased \u0394HbO over the unaffected preMC (\u03b2 = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.006, 0.04, p = 0.01). Left hemispheric preMC may be involved in motor cortex reorganization in acute ICH in either hemisphere. Further studies may be required to assess longitudinal changes in motor cortex reorganization to inform acute motor rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25206377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:29:38Z","timestamp":1760599778000},"page":"6377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Motor Cortex Connectivity and Neuronal Reactivity in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Continuous-Wave Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6615-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitin","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geetha Charan","family":"Duba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4838-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabeela","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chetan","family":"Kashinkunti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashfaq","family":"Shuaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7984-6062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4794-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh Pundlik","family":"Kate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30506-2","article-title":"Global and Regional Effects of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Acute Stroke in 32 Countries (INTERSTROKE): A Case-Control Study","volume":"388","author":"Chin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319949","article-title":"Cerebral Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Future Directions","volume":"130","author":"Girard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, W.L., Sharma, M., Cohen, A., Ouwens, M., Christoph, M.J., Koch, B., Moore, T.E., Frady, G., and Coleman, C.I. (2024). Using 30-Day Modified Rankin Scale Score to Predict 90-Day Score in Patients with Intracranial Hemorrhage: Derivation and Validation of Prediction Model. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303757"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Po\u017carowszczyk, N., Kurkowska-Jastrz\u0119bska, I., Sarzy\u0144ska-D\u0142ugosz, I., Nowak, M., and Karli\u0144ski, M. (2023). Reliability of the Modified Rankin Scale in Clinical Practice of Stroke Units and Rehabilitation Wards. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1064642"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-013-1188-z","article-title":"Cortical Reorganization after Motor Imagery Training in Chronic Stroke Patients with Severe Motor Impairment: A Longitudinal FMRI Study","volume":"55","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.108032","article-title":"Quantitative Electroencephalography to Assess Post-Stroke Functional Disability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Sood","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.049","article-title":"A Brief Review on the History of Human Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (FNIRS) Development and Fields of Application","volume":"63","author":"Ferrari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.058","article-title":"Assessment of the Cerebral Cortex during Motor Task Behaviours in Adults: A Systematic Review of Functional near Infrared Spectroscopy (FNIRS) Studies","volume":"54","author":"Leff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Liu, J., Wang, K., Zhang, J., Liu, S., and Xue, F. (2024). Feasibility of Noninvasive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Monitoring in Predicting the Prognosis of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front. Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1406157"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340409","article-title":"Functional Connectivity in the Motor Cortex of Resting Human Brain Using Echo-planar Mri","volume":"34","author":"Biswal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.243469","article-title":"Cerebral Network Disorders after Stroke: Evidence from Imaging-Based Connectivity Analyses of Active and Resting Brain States in Humans","volume":"591","author":"Rehme","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.068","article-title":"General Functional Connectivity: Shared Features of Resting-State and Task FMRI Drive Reliable and Heritable Individual Differences in Functional Brain Networks","volume":"189","author":"Elliott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"012101","article-title":"Best Practices for FNIRS Publications","volume":"8","author":"Scholkmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.027","article-title":"Region of Interest Template for the Human Basal Ganglia: Comparing EPI and Standardized Space Approaches","volume":"39","author":"Prodoehl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez-Sarabia, J.A., Schmid, A.A., Sharp, J.L., and Stephens, J.A. (2024). Intervention-Induced Changes in Balance and Task-Dependent Neural Activity in Adults with Acquired Brain Injury: A Pilot Randomized Control Trial. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134047"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.025","article-title":"Temporal Derivative Distribution Repair (TDDR): A Motion Correction Method for FNIRS","volume":"184","author":"Fishburn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Au, S., Helmich, I., Kieffer, S., and Lausberg, H. (2023). Phasic and Repetitive Self-Touch Differ in Hemodynamic Response in the Prefrontal Cortex\u2013An FNIRS Study. Front. Neuroergonomics, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnrgo.2023.1266439"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.016","article-title":"Statistical Analysis of FNIRS Data: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"85","author":"Tak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von L\u00fchmann, A., Ortega-Martinez, A., Boas, D.A., and Y\u00fccel, M.A. (2020). Using the General Linear Model to Improve Performance in FNIRS Single Trial Analysis and Classification: A Perspective. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00030"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007645","article-title":"Frontal Networks Associated with Command Following after Hemorrhagic Stroke","volume":"46","author":"Mikell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2022.0017","article-title":"Longitudinal Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study: A Seed-Based Connectivity Biomarker in Patients with Ischemic and Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke","volume":"13","author":"Boren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, Y., Kan, C., Zhu, S., Zhang, T., Wang, J., Xu, S., Zhuang, R., Shen, Y., Wang, T., and Guo, C. (2022). Resting-State Functional Connectivity for Determining Outcomes in Upper Extremity Function after Stroke: A Functional near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.965856"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9394156","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9394156","article-title":"Dynamic Network Analysis Reveals Altered Temporal Variability in Brain Regions after Stroke: A Longitudinal Resting-State FMRI Study","volume":"2018","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6038","article-title":"Predicting Motor Outcome in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage","volume":"40","author":"Puig","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/20\/6377\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T04:34:01Z","timestamp":1760675641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/20\/6377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s25206377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25206377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]}}}