{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:04:46Z","timestamp":1791428686213,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Regional Identity","award":["28N304208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28N304208"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this experiment was to determine whether reticulorumen temperature (ReT), rumination, activity or pH captured by a rumen sensor bolus system (smaXtec animal care GmbH, Graz, Austria) can be used as an early indicator of heat load (HL) and to assess how its daily patterns are influenced by diurnal effects. Physiological and behavioral data from 70 male feedlot cattle (Uckerm\u00e4rker, Hereford, Simmentaler) housed in a closed barn were investigated using the calculated temperature-humidity index (THI) from remote HOBO Onset climate sensors over a period of 210 days. Using time series analysis and seasonal ARIMA modeling, it was found that ReT followed the same patterns throughout days with a THI &lt; 74 as well as days under heat load conditions. Time series and correlation analyses were also performed for the rumen pH, rumination index and activity index. The collective mean ReT over the winter days assessed (n = 14,971) was 39.48 \u00b0C, with a minimum mean of 38.31 \u00b0C and a maximum mean of 40.69 \u00b0C. In comparison, the collective mean ReT over the summer days assessed (n = 14,030) was 39.53 \u00b0C, with a minimum mean of 38.39 \u00b0C and a maximum mean of 42.02 \u00b0C. Pearson\u2019s correlation did not reveal a relationship between THI and ReT (r = \u22120.06; p &lt; 0.001) and only minimally for rumination (r = \u22120.11; p &lt; 0.001). Rumination clearly decreased with increasing ambient temperature in comparison to days with a THI &lt; 74. A long-term effect is also visible when the monthly mean rumination from all bulls tends to decrease slightly from February to May and then increases beginning in June. The mean pH values decreased throughout the summer months. Nevertheless, the comparison between daily fluctuations in pH values under HL failed to yield significant deviations from those captured on days of winter. The Pearson correlation for rumen pH showed a weak negative linear relationship with THI (r = \u22120.3; p &lt; 0.001). The monthly means of the motion activity index could also not verify that HL led to increasing activity (Pearson correlation for motion activity and THI: r = 0.04; p &lt; 0.001). The heat load had no visible short-term effects on the ReT or rumen pH, but rumination and peak motion activity were reduced on days with high ambient temperatures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25206401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T10:28:36Z","timestamp":1760696916000},"page":"6401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluating Reticulorumen Temperature, Rumination, Activity and pH Measured by Rumen Sensors as Indicators of Heat Load in Fattening Bulls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8888-235X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kay","family":"Fromm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sensors and Modelling, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy e.V., Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Ammon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sensors and Modelling, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy e.V., Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2468-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Amon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sensors and Modelling, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy e.V., Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0421-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gundula","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sensors and Modelling, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy e.V., Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2016). 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