{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:37:51Z","timestamp":1775839071510,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union Next-GenerationEU","award":["CN00000022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN00000022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents an Internet of Things (IoT) node designed for low-power agrifood chain tracking in remote areas, where long-range terrestrial communication is either unavailable or severely limited. The novelty of this study lies in the development and characterization of an IoT node prototype that leverages direct-to-satellite connectivity through a geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite, using long-range frequency-hopping spread spectrum (LR-FHSS) modulation in the licensed S-band. The prototype integrates a microcontroller unit that manages both the radio modem and a suite of sensors, enclosed in a plastic box suitable for field deployment. Characterization in an anechoic chamber demonstrated a maximum effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 27.5 dBm, sufficient to establish a reliable satellite link. The onboard sensors provide global positioning as well as measurements of acceleration, temperature, humidity, and solar radiation intensity. Prototype performance was assessed in two representative scenarios: stationary and mobile. Regarding energy consumption, the average charge drained by the radio modem per transmission cycle was measured to be 356 mC. With a battery pack composed of four 2500 mAh NiMH cells, the estimated upper bound on the number of transmitted packets is approximately 25,000.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25206469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T12:27:29Z","timestamp":1760963249000},"page":"6469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Internet of Things Node with Real-Time LoRa GEO Satellite Connectivity for Agrifood Chain Tracking in Remote Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4318-8176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Giannetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, IT-50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9436-5439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Badii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, IT-50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4032-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Lasagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, IT-50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4481-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Maddio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, IT-50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4507-6888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Collodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, IT-50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5418-4704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Righini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, IT-50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1064-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cidronali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, IT-50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136253","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3116814","article-title":"AgriFusion: An architecture for IoT and emerging technologies based on a precision agriculture survey","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62899","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3074874","article-title":"A Blockchain-Based Traceability System in Agri-Food SME: Case Study of a Traditional Bakery","volume":"9","author":"Cocco","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Research Centre for Agricultural Technologies (Agritech) (2025, August 04). 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