{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:44:26Z","timestamp":1791431066806,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integrating IoT devices into smart grids raises some hard problems related to safe data sharing, the ability to grow, and energy use. Blockchain provides a safe way to check identities without a central authority. Typical ways to confirm transactions, like Proof-of-Work (PoW), use a lot of power, making them bad for devices that cannot use much energy. This study introduces a safe authentication system using Blockchain, a Deep Neural Network (DNN), and a power-saving way to confirm transactions (EACM). The system picks validators based on how much power they have left and their trust scores to save power during confirmation. Using the IoT-Enabled Smart Grid Dataset, simulations showed a transaction speed of 372 TPS, which is 32% better than normal methods. The system correctly authenticates 98.69% of the time, with a confirmation delay of 5.9 milliseconds and an 18% drop in validator node energy use. Also, the system spots 98.4% of unauthorized access tries, with a false acceptance rate (FAR) of 1.7% and a false rejection rate (FRR) of 0.31%. These outcomes prove the system\u2019s ability to offer safe, fast, and energy-saving authentication for big, real-time Smart Grid IoT setups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25216622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:48:46Z","timestamp":1761716926000},"page":"6622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Blockchain-Integrated Secure Authentication Framework for Smart Grid IoT Using Energy-Aware Consensus Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Omar Abdullah","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Altinbas University, 34217 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0299-9076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesut","family":"Cevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Altinbas University, 34217 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"Reliability analysis of smart grid networks incorporating hardware failures and packet loss","volume":"65","author":"Jha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. 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