{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:01:58Z","timestamp":1791288118736,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024273","name":"RSSB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RSSB\/COF-UOH-58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSSB\/COF-UOH-58"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024273","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most electrified railway networks are powered through a pantograph\u2013overhead contact line (OCL) interface to ensure safe and reliable operation. The OCL is one of the most vulnerable components of the train traction power system as it is subjected to multiple impacts from the pantographs and to unpredictable environmental conditions. Wear, mounting imperfections, contact incidents, weather conditions, and inadequate maintenance lead to increased degradation of the pantograph\u2013OCL current collection performance, causing degradation on contacting elements and assets failure. Incidents involving the pantograph\u2013OCL system are significant sources of traffic disruption and train delays, e.g., Network Rail statistics show that, on average, delays due to OCL failures are 2500 h per year. In recent years, maintenance strategies have evolved significantly with improvements in technology and the increased interest in using real-time and historical data in decision support. This has led to an expansion in sensing systems for structures, vehicles, and machinery. The railway industry is currently investing in condition monitoring (CM) technologies in order to achieve lower failure rates and increase the availability, reliability, and safety of the railway service. This work presents a comprehensive review of the current CM systems for the pantograph\u2013OCL, including their advantages and disadvantages, and outlines future trends in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25216625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:48:46Z","timestamp":1761716926000},"page":"6625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Real-Time Rail Electrification Systems Monitoring: A Review of Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3187-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Sainz-Aja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LADICIM (Laboratory of Science and Engineering of Materials), University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Railway Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"},{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEL, IPL, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Brant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Railway Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Railway Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"},{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9449-5486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Railway Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9571-0552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Railway Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3533-1881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Ferre\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LADICIM (Laboratory of Science and Engineering of Materials), University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101016","article-title":"Model-based analysis of future global transport demand","volume":"23","author":"Tjandra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. 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