{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:13:03Z","timestamp":1788541983971,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional surface topography offers a noninvasive alternative to radiographic imaging for evaluating trunk morphology and posture. This study aimed to establish normative values of trunk cross-sectional geometry and to examine their associations with spinal alignment in healthy young adults. A cross-sectional sample of 108 participants (62 women, 46 men; 19\u201323 years, normal BMI) underwent assessment using two complementary techniques: TorsoScan, which reconstructed 360\u00b0 trunk cross-sections at thoracic levels T1, T4, T8, and T12, and DIERS Formetric 4D, which quantified spinal posture parameters. For each cross-section, sagittal and coronal diameters and cross-sectional areas were calculated; sex differences were analyzed using Welch\u2019s t tests and effect sizes, and associations with posture were examined by Pearson correlations with false discovery rate correction and regression modeling. Trunk geometry followed a regular thoracic profile, with the largest coronal diameter at T4 and the maximal area at T8. Men showed consistently larger diameters and areas than women, with large effect sizes at T4\u2013T12. Four associations remained significant: reduced mid-thoracic breadth and area were linked to greater lumbar lordosis, while upper thoracic depth correlated positively with thoracic kyphosis. Predictive models based on posture explained limited variance (R2 \u2264 0.19). These findings provide sex-specific reference values and demonstrate that TorsoScan and DIERS Formetric yield complementary, partly convergent measures that may support radiation-free evaluation of trunk morphology in clinical and rehabilitative settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25216626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:48:46Z","timestamp":1761716926000},"page":"6626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessing Trunk Cross-Section Geometry and Spinal Postures with Noninvasive 3D Surface Topography: A Study of 108 Healthy Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2564-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadiusz \u0141ukasz","family":"\u017burawski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5498-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Friebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive and Sports Medicine, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany"},{"name":"DIERS International GmbH, 55252 Wiesbaden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Zaleska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management and Computer Modeling, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Wojtas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management and Computer Modeling, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Gawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2564-8623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Wilczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.06.025","article-title":"Development of a new 360-degree surface topography application","volume":"73","author":"Michalik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-1-2","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Natural history and long term treatment effects","volume":"1","author":"Asher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199607010-00011","article-title":"Reducing the lifetime risk of cancer from spinal radiographs among people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"21","author":"Levy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degenhardt, B.F., Starks, Z., and Bhatia, S. 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