{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:33:36Z","timestamp":1788449616506,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009595","name":"Public Service of Wallonia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["8526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Hand and Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Including Lower Extremities (HABIT-ILE) is a high-dose evidence-based neurorehabilitation. This study aims to develop and validate a protocol using three inertial measurement units (IMUs) to objectively document upper and lower extremities\u2019 (UE; LE) motor activity during a HABIT-ILE intervention in chronic stroke adults. (2) Method: Thirteen adults (57.1 y \u00b1 11.3) who completed 65 h of HABIT-ILE (2 weeks, 6.5 h\/d) were included. Daily motor activity was recorded with IMUs placed on both wrists and one thigh with nine IMU-derived variables extracted to evaluate motor activity and posture. Each variable was correlated with baseline abilities and day-to-day patterns were observed with subgroup analyses based on baseline dexterity and walking endurance. Day-to-day patterns were highlighted based on mean values and effect size analyses. (3) Results: Only the Magnitude and Use ratios showed high correlations with baseline abilities, with a day-to-day specific pattern highlighted for participants with moderate to good dexterity at baseline. (4) Conclusions: All participants reported a high level of engagement during HABIT-ILE independently of their baseline abilities. Although we could not detect a global trend to document the content of a HABIT-ILE intervention, these exploratory results suggest IMU monitoring to be relevant to characterize therapeutic content.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25216656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:21:46Z","timestamp":1762194106000},"page":"6656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Use of Accelerometers to Monitor Motor Activity During HABIT-ILE for Chronic Stroke: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6807-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merlin","family":"Somville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Motor Skill Learning and Intensive Neurorehabilitation Lab (MSL-IN Lab), Institute of NeuroSciences, UCLouvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9155-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z\u00e9lie","family":"Rosselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motor Skill Learning and Intensive Neurorehabilitation Lab (MSL-IN Lab), Institute of NeuroSciences, UCLouvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8226-5611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edouard","family":"Ducoffre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forme & fonctionnement Humain (FfH) Lab, CeREF-Sant\u00e9, Haute Ecole Louvain en Hainaut (HELHa), 6061 Montignies-sur-Sambre, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0355-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Penta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of NeuroScience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"},{"name":"Arsalis SPRL, 1473 Glabais, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Smeesters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arsalis SPRL, 1473 Glabais, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-932X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"Bleyenheuft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motor Skill Learning and Intensive Neurorehabilitation Lab (MSL-IN Lab), Institute of NeuroSciences, UCLouvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3226-6834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffroy","family":"Saussez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motor Skill Learning and Intensive Neurorehabilitation Lab (MSL-IN Lab), Institute of NeuroSciences, UCLouvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium"},{"name":"Forme & fonctionnement Humain (FfH) Lab, CeREF-Sant\u00e9, Haute Ecole Louvain en Hainaut (HELHa), 6061 Montignies-sur-Sambre, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012781","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Stroke and Access to Acute Ischemic Stroke Interventions","volume":"97","author":"Saini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70150-4","article-title":"Motor recovery after stroke: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Langhorne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000019289.15440.F2","article-title":"Persisting consequences of stroke measured by the Stroke Impact Scale","volume":"33","author":"Lai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.004","article-title":"Motor Learning Following Stroke","volume":"35","author":"Winterbottom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatem, S.M., Saussez, G., Della Faille, M., Prist, V., Zhang, X., Dispa, D., and Bleyenheuft, Y. (2016). Rehabilitation of Motor Function after Stroke: A Multiple Systematic Review Focused on Techniques to Stimulate Upper Extremity Recovery. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00442"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc.2011-24","article-title":"Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy Compared to Dose-Matched Interventions for Upper-Limb Dysfunction in Adult Survivors of Stroke: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Stevenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiother. Can."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2022.18","article-title":"Adult experiences of constraint-induced movement therapy programmes: A qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework and Capability, Opportunity, Motivation\u2014Behaviour system","volume":"24","author":"Christie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Impair."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Feng, H., Lin, J., Zhai, H., and Shen, X. (2023). Influence of the constraint-induced method of constraint-induced movement therapy on improving lower limb outcomes after stroke: A meta-analysis review. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1090808"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3109\/01942638.2014.932884","article-title":"Hand-arm bimanual intensive therapy including lower extremities (HABIT-ILE) for children with cerebral palsy","volume":"34","author":"Bleyenheuft","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Occup. Ther. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314562109","article-title":"Hand and Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Including Lower Extremity (HABIT-ILE) in Children With Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Trial","volume":"29","author":"Bleyenheuft","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e070642","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070642","article-title":"Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Including Lower Extremities (HABIT-ILE) in adults with chronic stroke: Protocol of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Gathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducoffre, E., Arnould, C., Somville, M., Rosselli, Z., Saussez, G., and Bleyenheuft, Y. (2025). Feasibility of HABIT-ILE@home in children with cerebral palsy and adults with chronic stroke: A pilot study. PLoS Digit. Health, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000850"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.02.027","article-title":"Measuring free-living physical activity in adults with and without neurologic dysfunction with a triaxial accelerometer","volume":"89","author":"Hale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01218-4","article-title":"Efficacy of integrating a semi-immersive virtual device in the HABIT-ILE intervention for children with unilateral cerebral palsy: A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Saussez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e041542","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041542","article-title":"Preschool HABIT-ILE: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial to determine efficacy of intensive rehabilitation compared with usual care to improve motor skills of children, aged 2\u20135 years, with bilateral cerebral palsy","volume":"11","author":"Sakzewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2015.21","article-title":"Exploring the Role of Accelerometers in the Measurement of Real World Upper-Limb Use After Stroke","volume":"17","author":"Hayward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Impair."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey, R., Klaesner, J., and Lang, C. (2014). An Accelerometry-Based Methodology for Assessment of Real-World Bilateral Upper Extremity Activity. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103135"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315583720","article-title":"Quantifying Real-World Upper-Limb Activity in Nondisabled Adults and Adults With Chronic Stroke","volume":"29","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001344","article-title":"Generating ActiGraph Counts from Raw Acceleration Recorded by an Alternative Monitor","volume":"49","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poitras, I., Clou\u00e2tre, J., Campeau-Lecours, A., and Mercier, C. (2022). Accelerometry-Based Metrics to Evaluate the Relative Use of the More Affected Arm during Daily Activities in Adults Living with Cerebral Palsy. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031022"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.39.6.386","article-title":"Adult norms for the Box and Block Test of manual dexterity","volume":"39","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.284.6329.1607","article-title":"Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease","volume":"284","author":"Butland","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.23.07687-6","article-title":"Deficits in dynamic balance were the motor impairments that best explained limitations in community ambulation after stroke","volume":"59","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000092","article-title":"Use of Accelerometers to Examine Sedentary Time on an Acute Stroke Unit","volume":"39","author":"Mattlage","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"100048","article-title":"Comparing Home Upper Extremity Activity with Clinical Evaluations of Arm Function in Chronic Stroke","volume":"2","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Rehabil. Res. Clin. Transl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.03.016","article-title":"Quantifying Nonuse in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Study Into Paretic, Nonparetic, and Bimanual Upper-Limb Use in Daily Life","volume":"93","author":"Michielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00898-0","article-title":"Clinical value of assessing motor performance in postacute stroke patients","volume":"18","author":"Flury","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34307","DOI":"10.2196\/34307","article-title":"Technology-Based Compensation Assessment and Detection of Upper Extremity Activities of Stroke Survivors: Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24793","article-title":"The importance of different learning stages for motor sequence learning after stroke","volume":"41","author":"Dahms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70160-7","article-title":"Constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke","volume":"14","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683241270066","article-title":"Wearable-Based Kinematic Analysis of Upper-Limb Movements During Daily Activities Could Provide Insights into Stroke Survivors\u2019 Motor Ability","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6119","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2021.1957027","article-title":"The use of wearable sensors to assess and treat the upper extremity after stroke: A scoping review","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"15459683241300458","article-title":"Relationships Between Cognitive Impairments and Motor Learning After Stroke: A Scoping Review","volume":"39","author":"Rajda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernaldo de Quir\u00f3s, M., Douma, E.H., van den Akker-Scheek, I., Lamoth, C.J.C., and Maurits, N.M. (2022). Quantification of Movement in Stroke Patients under Free Living Conditions Using Wearable Sensors: A Systematic Review. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031050"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment","volume":"5","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/21\/6656\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T05:11:54Z","timestamp":1762233114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/21\/6656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s25216656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25216656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}}}