{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:39:25Z","timestamp":1792193965997,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["6220010856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6220010856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Special Fund of Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology","award":["ZR19049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR19049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a novel fixed-time super-twisting sliding mode control (ST-SMC) strategy for uncertain robotic arm systems, aiming to address the issues of control chattering and the uncontrollable upper bound of convergence time in traditional sliding mode control algorithms. The proposed approach enhances system robustness, suppresses chattering, and ensures that the convergence time of the robotic arm can be explicitly bounded. First, a sliding surface with fixed-time convergence characteristics is constructed to guarantee that the tracking errors on this surface converge to the origin within a prescribed time. Then, an immersion and invariance (I&amp;I) disturbance observer with exponential convergence properties is designed to estimate large, time-varying disturbances in real time, thereby compensating for system uncertainties. Based on this observer, a new super-twisting sliding mode controller is developed to drive the trajectory tracking errors toward the sliding surface within fixed time, achieving global fixed-time convergence of the tracking errors. Simulation results demonstrate that, regardless of the initial conditions, the proposed controller ensures fixed-time convergence of the tracking errors, effectively eliminates control torque chattering, and achieves a tracking error accuracy as low as 2 \u00d7 10\u22129. These results validate the proposed method\u2019s applicability and robustness for high-precision robotic systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25216723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:21:46Z","timestamp":1762194106000},"page":"6723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Novel Fixed-Time Super-Twisting Control with I&amp;I Disturbance Observer for Uncertain Manipulators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8350-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2444-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunwu","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5082-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-024-06153-y","article-title":"Novel adaptive predefined-time complete tracking control of nonlinear systems via ELM","volume":"55","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. 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