{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:19:57Z","timestamp":1792131597707,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62473263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62473263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic lower-extremity wounds in patients undergoing exoskeleton-assisted rehabilitation require materials that can both protect tissue and enable real-time physiological monitoring. Conventional dressings lack dynamic sensing capability, while current conductive hydrogels often compromise either adhesion or electronic performance. Here, we present a biointegrated hydrogel (CPSD) composed of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) forming the conductive backbone, integrated with dopamine-functionalized sodium alginate (SD); the network is assembled via electrostatic complexation and carbodiimide (EDC\/NHS)-mediated covalent crosslinking. The resulting hydrogel exhibits a dense, tissue-conformal porous network with tunable swelling, stable mechanical integrity, and high photothermal conversion efficiency. In vitro assays confirmed potent antioxidant activity, strong antibacterial performance (&gt;90% under near-infrared), and excellent cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility. CPSD shows bulk conductivity ~1.6 S\u00b7m\u22121, compressive modulus ~15 kPa, lap-shear adhesion on porcine skin ~9.5 kPa, and WVTR ~75 g\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7h\u22121, supporting stable biointerfaces for motion\/sEMG sensing. Integrated into a lower-limb exoskeleton, CPSD hydrogels adhered securely during motion and reliably captured electromyographic and strain signals, enabling movement-intent detection. These results highlight CPSD hydrogel as a multifunctional interface material for next-generation closed-loop rehabilitation systems and mobile health monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25216727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:21:46Z","timestamp":1762194106000},"page":"6727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Biointegrated Conductive Hydrogel for Real-Time Motion Sensing in Exoskeleton-Assisted Lower-Limb Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9659-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Rehabilitation Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Assistive Devices, Shanghai 200093, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Neural-Functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Rehabilitation Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Assistive Devices, Shanghai 200093, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Neural-Functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4375-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond Kai-Yu","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongliu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Rehabilitation Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Assistive Devices, Shanghai 200093, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Neural-Functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2023.105570","article-title":"Design and Optimization of a Novel Sagittal-Plane Knee Exoskeleton with Remote-Center-of-Motion Mechanism","volume":"194","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mech. 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