{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:47:56Z","timestamp":1792799276538,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE180100501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE180100501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beyond-5G wireless systems increasingly rely on distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) architectures to achieve high spectral efficiency, low latency, and wide coverage. A key challenge in such networks is that cooperating base stations (BSs) often possess different levels of channel state information (CSI) due to fronthaul constraints, user mobility, or hardware limitation. In this paper, we propose two novel detectors that enable cooperation between BSs with differing CSI availability. In this setup, some BSs have access to instantaneous CSI, while others only have long-term channel information. The proposed detectors\u2014termed the coherent\/non-coherent (CNC) detector and the differential CNC detector\u2014integrate coherent and non-coherent approaches to signal detection. This framework allows BSs with only long-term information to actively contribute to the detection process, while leveraging instantaneous CSI where available. This approach enables the system to integrate the advantages of non-coherent detection with the precision of coherent processing, improving overall performance without requiring full CSI at all cooperating BSs. We formulate the detectors based on the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion and derive analytical expressions for their pairwise block error probabilities under Rayleigh fading channels. Leveraging the pairwise block error probability expression for the CNC detector, we derive a tight upper bound on the average block error probability. Numerical results show that the CNC and differential CNC detectors outperform their respective single-BS baseline-coherent ML and non-coherent differential detection. Moreover, both detectors demonstrate strong resilience to mid-to-high range correlation at the BS antennas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25216800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T10:56:45Z","timestamp":1762513005000},"page":"6800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Joint Coherent\/Non-Coherent Detection for Distributed Massive MIMO: Enabling Cooperation Under Mixed Channel State Information"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6504-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supuni","family":"Gunasekara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8707-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9223-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margreta","family":"Kuijper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5960-4082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajitha","family":"Senanayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2818082","article-title":"Massive connectivity with massive MIMO-Part I: Device activity detection and channel estimation","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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