{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:57:15Z","timestamp":1791680235585,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation","award":["2022-0-00024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-0-00024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2024-00452791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00452791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of federated learning into Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks enables collaborative intelligence but also exposes systems to identity spoofing, model poisoning, and malicious update injection. This paper presents Leash-FL, a lightweight self-healing framework that combines certificateless elliptic curve cryptography with blockchain to enhance resilience in resource-constrained IoT environments. Certificateless ECC with pseudonym rotation enables efficient millisecond-scale authentication with minimal metadata, supporting secure and unlinkable participation. A similarity-governed screening mechanism filters poisoned and free-rider updates, while blockchain-backed checkpoint rollback ensures rapid recovery without service interruption. Experiments on intrusion detection, anomaly detection, and vision datasets show that Leash-FL sustains over 85 percent accuracy with 50 percent malicious clients, reduces backdoor success rates to under 5 percent within four recovery rounds, and restores accuracy up to three times faster than anomaly-screening baselines. The blockchain layer achieves low-latency consensus, high throughput, and modest ledger growth, significantly outperforming Ethereum-based systems. Membership changes are efficiently managed with sub-50 ms join and leave operations and re-admission within 60 ms, while guaranteeing forward and backward secrecy. Leash-FL delivers a cryptography-driven approach that unifies lightweight authentication, blockchain auditability, and self-healing recovery into a secure, resilient, and scalable federated learning solution for next-generation IIoT networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25226867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T15:07:31Z","timestamp":1762787251000},"page":"6867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lightweight ECC-Based Self-Healing Federated Learning Framework for Secure IIoT Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-9368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikail Mohammed","family":"Salim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5717-5287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farheen","family":"Naaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1755-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwonhue","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saadouni, C., El Jaouhari, S., Tamani, N., Ziti, S., Mroueh, L., and El Bouchti, K. 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