{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T21:28:52Z","timestamp":1783632532578,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most existing virtual reality exergames rely on generic VR devices, which can limit the physical exertion in VR-based exercises. In contrast, physical props can enhance exercise intensity, yet their impact on users\u2019 performance and experience remains understudied, particularly in skill-based tasks. Meanwhile, physical props offer richer tactile and kinesthetic feedback, which, combined with the visual effects of head-mounted displays, presents a potential solution for improving user experience in VR. To explore this, this study developed a sensor-driven experimental framework for investigating high-skill VR tasks. By integrating vision sensors with standard VR devices, we constructed a VR archery system that enables objective quantification of motor performance. Leveraging the sensor-driven framework, we investigate the effects of physical props and physics-associated visual feedback on players\u2019 performance and experience in VR tasks through an experiment involving 33 participants. By objectively quantifying performance, we reveal a dual-pathway mechanism: physical props significantly increased hand tremor, which in turn impaired aiming accuracy, but this negative effect was effectively moderated by time and physics-associated visual feedback that enabled real-time sensorimotor compensation. While complex physical props reduced task performance, they substantially enhanced enjoyment and presence, particularly demonstrating a synergistic effect on users\u2019 flow experience when combined with physics-associated visual feedback. These findings elucidate the complex interplay between physical prop interfaces and visual feedback in high-skill VR tasks, providing valuable insights for designing VR experiences which balance performance requirements and engagement enhancement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25226991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T10:02:13Z","timestamp":1763546533000},"page":"6991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Impact of Physical Props and Physics-Associated Visual Feedback on VR Archery Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7911-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8312-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haojun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2413-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengyang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9904-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1145\/2330667.2330687","article-title":"Questioning naturalism in 3D user interfaces","volume":"55","author":"Bowman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. 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