{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:50:36Z","timestamp":1788018636854,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Application Technology Research and Development Reserve Project of Beilin District","award":["GX2445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GX2445"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team of Higher Education Institutions in Shaanxi Province","award":["2024RS-CXTD-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024RS-CXTD-12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An optical camera-based integrated sensing and communication (OC-ISAC) system model is proposed to address the intrinsic requirements of vehicular-to-everything (V2X) applications in complex outdoor environments. The model enables the coexistence and potential mutual enhancement of environmental sensing and data transmission within the visible light spectrum. It characterizes the OC-ISAC channel by modeling how light, either actively emitted for communication or passively reflected from the environment, originating from any voxel in three-dimensional space, propagates to the image sensor and contributes to the observed pixel values. This framework is leveraged to systematically analyze the impact of camera imaging parameters, particularly exposure time, on the joint performance of sensing and communication. To address the resulting trade-off, we develop an analytically tractable suboptimal algorithm that determines a near-optimal exposure time in closed form. Compared with the exhaustive numerical search for the global optimum, the suboptimal algorithm reduces computational complexity from O(N) to O(1), while introducing only a modest average normalized deviation of 5.71%. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results confirm that, in high-speed communication or mobile sensing scenarios, careful selection of exposure time and explicit compensation for the camera\u2019s low-pass filtering effect in receiver design are essential to achieving optimal dual-functional performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25227061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T15:03:15Z","timestamp":1763564595000},"page":"7061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optical Camera-Based Integrated Sensing and Communication for V2X Applications: Model and Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9801-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Wireless Optical Communication and Network Research, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenying","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Wireless Optical Communication and Network Research, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1364\/JOT.88.000729","article-title":"Optical Camera Communications: Practical Constraints, Applications, Potential Challenges, and Future Directions","volume":"88","author":"Mohsan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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