{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:07:57Z","timestamp":1787029677050,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/150691\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/150691\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CMU-Portugal project WoW","award":["45913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["45913"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council, ERC project Liquid3D","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101045072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101045072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freezing of gait (FoG) is a common motor symptom in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease, leading to falls, disability, and reduced quality of life. Although cueing systems using visual or auditory stimuli can help patients resume walking, existing solutions are often expensive, uncomfortable, and conspicuous. ParCuR (Parkinson Cueing and Rehabilitation) is a compact, ankle-worn wearable integrating an inertial sensor, haptic stimulator, and AI-based software. It was developed to detect FoG episodes in real time and provides automatic sensory cues to assist patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PwP). A classifier was trained for FoG detection using the DAPHNet dataset, comparing patient-specific and patient-independent models. While a small-scale trial with PwP assessed usability and reliability. ParCuR is watch-sized (35 \u00d7 41 mm), discreet, and comfortable for daily use. The online detection algorithm triggers stimulation within 0.7 s of episode onset and achieves 94.9% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity using only 14 frequency-based features. Preliminary trials confirmed device feasibility and guided design refinements. This low-cost, wearable solution supports personalized, real-time FoG detection and responsive cueing, improving patient mobility while minimizing discomfort and continuous stimulation habituation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25227077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T12:02:42Z","timestamp":1763640162000},"page":"7077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["ParCuR\u2014A Novel AI-Enabled Gait Cueing Wearable for Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5821-7374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telmo","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3669-3457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Reis Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6841-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Morgadinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8912-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Reis Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2590-2196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Tavakoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16025","DOI":"10.1038\/npjparkd.2016.25","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease as a system-level disorder","volume":"2","author":"Caligiore","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Park. 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